Tag: M.W:100-200

Let¡¯s face it, organic chemistry can seem difficult to learn, Formula: C5H5ClN2O2, Especially from a beginner¡¯s point of view. Like 4318-56-3, Name is 6-Chloro-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, molecular formula is pyrimidines, belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a document, author is Abou-Elkhair, Reham A. I., introducing its new discovery.

2-Hydroxyimino-6-aza-pyrimidine nucleosides: synthesis, DFT calculations, and antiviral evaluations

The global public health concerns and economic impact caused by emerging outbreaks of RNA viruses call for the search for new direct acting antiviral agents. Herein, we describe the synthesis, DFT calculations, and antiviral evaluation of a series of novel 2-hydroxyimino-6-aza-pyrimidine ribonucleosides. DFT//B3LYP/6-311+G** calculations of the tautomeric distributions of the 2-hydroxyimino nucleosides 7, 8, and 9 in aqueous environments indicate a predominance of the canonical 2-(E)-hydroxyimino structure, where the hydroxyl group points away from the sugar moiety. The conformer distributions of the latter geometrical isomers of 7, 8, and 9 support the formation of five membered rings via hydrogen bonding between the (E)-C-2 = N-O-H moiety and N-3-H of 7 and 8 and between (E)-C-2 = N-O-H and N-3 of 9, creating purine shaped nucleosides with the glycosidic linkage at the pyrimidine ring. The newly synthesized nucleosides were screened against an RNA viral panel, of which moderate antiviral activity was observed against Zika virus (ZIKV) and human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). 6-Aza-2-hydroxyimino-5-methyluridine derivative 18 showed activity against ZIKV (EC50 3.2 mu M), while its peracetylated derivative 19 showed activity against HRSV (EC50 5.2 mu M). The corresponding 4-thiono-2-hydroxyimino derivative 8 showed activity against HRSV (EC50 6.1 mu M) and against ZIKA (EC50 2.4 mu M). This study shows that the 6-aza-2-hydroxyimino-5-methyluracil derived nucleosides can be further optimized to provide potent antiviral agents.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Chemistry can be defined as the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. You¡¯ll sometimes hear it called the central science because it is the connection between physics and all the other sciences, starting with biology. 3680-71-5, Name is 1,7-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one, molecular formula is , belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a document, author is Sun, Yan, Safety of 1,7-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one.

Discovery of new thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine and thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives as orally active phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors

As abnormal PI3K signaling is a feature of many types of cancer, the development of orally active PI3K inhibitors is of great significance for targeted cancer therapy. Through integrating strategies of reducing aromatic character/increasing the fraction of sp(3) carbons together with scaffold hopping, we designed and synthesized two new series of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine and thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives for use as PI3K inhibitors. Our structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine 6a and thiazolo [5,4-d] pyrimidine 7a, which exhibited remarkable nanomolar PI3K potency, good antipmliferative activity, favorable pharmacokinetic properties and significant in vivo anti-cancer efficacy. Notably, thiazolo [5,4-d]pyrimidine 7a had better anti-cancer activity than thieno [2,3-d]pyrimidine 6a and is worthy of further pre-clinical evaluation for its use in cancer treatment.

Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.Welcome to check out more blogs about 3680-71-5, in my other articles. Safety of 1,7-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

A catalyst don’t appear in the overall stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes, Name: 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, but it must appear in at least one of the elementary reactions in the mechanism for the catalyzed reaction. 4983-28-2, Name is 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, molecular formula is C4H3ClN2O. In an article, author is Vyshtakalyuk, Alexandra B.,once mentioned of 4983-28-2.

Conjugate of pyrimidine derivative, the drug xymedon with succinic acid protects liver cells

The aim of the study was to investigate the hepatoprotective properties of the conjugate of the xymedon drug substance with succinic acid (1a). The study presents an in vitro comparative evaluation of the cytotoxicity and cytoprotective properties of 1a and succinic acid on a cell line of normal human hepatocytes Chang Liver, and in vivo investigation of the ability of 1a to restore liver from the toxic damage caused by CCl4 in Wistar rats. It was shown that the cytotoxicity of 1a was 19.9 +/- 0.8 mmol/L, and that of succinic acid was 14.1 +/- 0.2 mmol/L. Against the background of d-galactosamine exposure, the cytoprotective effect of 1a was found to be superior to that of succinic acid. It was shown that 1a caused a significant reduction in necrotic and steatosis changes in the liver and restoration of biochemical markers of cytolysis, as well as bilirubin metabolism and synthetic liver function.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Reference of 65-71-4, Enzymes are biological catalysts that produce large increases in reaction rates and tend to be specific for certain reactants and products. 65-71-4, Name is 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, SMILES is O=C1NC(C(C)=CN1)=O, belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a article, author is Zou, Xiaohan, introduce new discover of the category.

Activation of voltage-gated sodium channels by BmK NT1 augments NMDA receptor function through Src family kinase signaling pathway in primary cerebellar granule cell cultures

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are responsible for the generation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells and are the molecular targets of an array of neurotoxins. BmK NT1, an alpha-scorpion toxin obtained from the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK), produces neurotoxicity that is associated with extracellular Ca2+ influx through Na+-Ca2+ exchangers, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, and L-type Ca2+ channels in cultured cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). In the present study, we demonstrated that BmK NT1 triggered concentration-dependent release of excitatory neurotransmitters, glutamate and aspartate; both effects were eliminated by VGSC blocker, tetrodotoxin. More importantly, we demonstrated that a threshold concentration of BmK NT1 that produced marginal Ca2+ influx and neuronal death augmented glutamate-induced Ca2+ elevation and neuronal death in CGCs. BmK NT1-augmented glutamate-induced Ca2+ influx and neuronal death were suppressed by tetrodotoxin and MK-801 suggesting that the augmentation was through activation of VGSCs and NMDA receptors. Consistently, BmK NT1 also enhanced NMDA-induced Ca2+ influx. Further mechanistic in-vestigations demonstrated that BmK NT1 increased the expression level of NMDA receptors on the plasma membrane and increased the phosphorylation level of NR2B at Tyr1472. Src family kinase inhibitor, 1-tert-butyl3-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]amine (PP2), but not the inactive analogue, 4-amino-1-phenylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP3), eliminated BmK NT1-triggered NR2B phosphorylation, NMDA receptor trafficking, as well as BmK NT1-augmented NMDA Ca2+ response and neuronal death. Considered together, these data demonstrated that both presynaptic (excitatory amino acid release) and postsynaptic mechanisms (augmentation of NMDA receptor function) are critical for VGSC activation-induced neurotoxicity in primary CGC cultures.

Reference of 65-71-4, Each elementary reaction can be described in terms of its molecularity, the number of molecules that collide in that step. The slowest step in a reaction mechanism is the rate-determining step.you can also check out more blogs about 65-71-4.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Reactions catalyzed within inorganic and organic materials and at electrochemical interfaces commonly occur at high coverage and in condensed media, causing turnover rates to depend strongly on interfacial structure and composition, 3680-71-5, Name is 1,7-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one, SMILES is O=C1C2=C(NC=C2)NC=N1, in an article , author is Sirakanyan, Samvel N., once mentioned of 3680-71-5, Name: 1,7-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one.

Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of novel polyheterocyclic systems derived from cyclopenta[4 ‘,5 ‘]pyrido[3 ‘,2 ‘:4,5]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidine

The synthesis of new cyclopenta[4′,5′]pyrido[3′,2’:4,5]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-7-amines have been carried out to study their antimicrobial activity. The biological tests evidenced that some of the synthesized compounds exhibit pronounced antimicrobial properties. A study of the structure-activity relationship revealed that the 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl moiety linked to the carbon C-9 of the pyrimidine plays a decisive role in the manifestation of activity. The influence of 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl group on the Dimroth rearrangement and azide-tetrazole equilibrium has also been examined.

Interested yet? Read on for other articles about 3680-71-5, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. Name: 1,7-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

A catalyst don’t appear in the overall stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes, but it must appear in at least one of the elementary reactions in the mechanism for the catalyzed reaction. 56-06-4, Name is 2,6-Diaminopyrimidin-4(1H)-one, molecular formula is C4H6N4O. In an article, author is Shi, Jia,once mentioned of 56-06-4, HPLC of Formula: C4H6N4O.

Insight into Monascus pigments production promoted by glycerol based on physiological and transcriptome analyses

Monascus pigments (MPs) are widely used natural colorants in Asian countries. MPs production can be significantly enhanced by glycerol, though its mechanism remains unknown. In this study, behind glycerol-enhanced MPs production was investigated through physiological and transcriptome analyses. Monascus pilosus MS-1 was cultured in synthetic media with 0, 40 or 160 g/L glycerol which were marked as CK, G40, and G160, respectively. Monascus growth and MPs production were significantly enhanced by glycerol. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) found in the CK vs G40 group involved in oxidation-reduction and glycolytic processes were upregulated, while that of RNA-DNA hybrid ribonuclease activity and RNA-dependent DNA biosynthetic process were downregulated. The downregulated genes related to G160 were significantly enriched in GO terms of nucleolus, 90S preribosome, and small and large subunit precursors. KEGG analysis indicated that most of the upregulated genes belonging to the CK vs G40 and CK vs G160 groups were related to glycolysis and carbon metabolism. However, DEGs belonging to groups related to G160 involved in ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes and pyrimidine metabolism were downregulated. Therefore, glycerol promotion of MPs production may be attributed to more substrates for MPs biosynthesis generated from glycolysis and carbon metabolism.

Interested yet? Keep reading other articles of 56-06-4, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. HPLC of Formula: C4H6N4O.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Chemistry, like all the natural sciences, Formula: C6H5N3O, begins with the direct observation of nature¡ª in this case, of matter.3680-71-5, Name is 1,7-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one, SMILES is O=C1C2=C(NC=C2)NC=N1, belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a document, author is Sicinska, Paulina, introduce the new discover.

Genotoxic risk assessment and mechanism of DNA damage induced by phthalates and their metabolites in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

The human genome is persistently exposed to damage caused by xenobiotics, therefore the assessment of genotoxicity of substances having a direct contact with humans is of importance. Phthalates are commonly used in industrial applications. Widespread exposure to phthalates has been evidenced by their presence in human body fluids. We have assessed the genotoxic potential of selected phthalates and mechanism of their action in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Studied cells were incubated with di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) and their metabolites: mono-n-butylphthalate (MBP), mono-benzylphthalate (MBzP) in the concentrations range of 0.1-10 mu g/mL for 24 h. Analyzed compounds induced DNA single and double strand-breaks (DBP and BBP >= 0.5 mu g/mL, MBP and MBzP >= 1 mu g/mL) and more strongly oxidized purines than pyrimidines. None of the compounds examined was capable of creating adducts with DNA. All studied phthalates caused an increase of total ROS level, while hydroxyl radical was generated mostly by DBP and BBP. PBMCs exposed to DBP and BBP could not completely repair DNA strand-breaks during 120 min of postincubation, in opposite to damage caused by their metabolites, MBP and MBzP. We have concluded that parent phthalates: DBP and BBP caused more pronounced DNA damage compared to their metabolites.

Note that a catalyst decreases the activation energy for both the forward and the reverse reactions and hence accelerates both the forward and the reverse reactions. you can also check out more blogs about 3680-71-5. Formula: C6H5N3O.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Reactions catalyzed within inorganic and organic materials and at electrochemical interfaces commonly occur at high coverage and in condensed media, causing turnover rates to depend strongly on interfacial structure and composition, 7226-23-5, Name is 1,3-Dimethyltetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one, SMILES is O=C1N(C)CCCN1C, in an article , author is Hegedus, Csaba, once mentioned of 7226-23-5, SDS of cas: 7226-23-5.

Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from UVB exposure induce a hypermetabolic state in keratinocytes via mitochondrial oxidative stress

Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) is an environmental complete carcinogen, which induces and promotes keratinocyte carcinomas, the most common human malignancies. UVB induces the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Repairing CPDs through nucleotide excision repair is slow and error-prone in placental mammals. In addition to the mutagenic and malignancy-inducing effects, UVB also elicits poorly understood complex metabolic changes in keratinocytes, possibly through CPDs. To determine the effects of CPDs, CPD-photolyase was overexpressed in keratinocytes using an N1-methyl pseudouridine-containing in vitro-transcribed mRNA. CPD-photolyase, which is normally not present in placental mammals, can efficiently and rapidly repair CPDs to block signaling pathways elicited by CPDs. Keratinocytes surviving UVB irradiation turn hypermetabolic. We show that CPD-evoked mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, followed by the activation of several energy sensor enzymes, including sirtuins, AMPK, mTORC1, mTORC2, p53, and ATM, is responsible for the compensatory metabolic adaptations in keratinocytes surviving UVB irradiation. Compensatory metabolic changes consist of enhanced glycolytic flux, Szent-GyOrgyi-Krebs cycle, and terminal oxidation. Furthermore, mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipophagy characterize compensatory hypermetabolism in UVB-exposed keratinocytes. These properties not only support the survival of keratinocytes, but also contribute to UVB-induced differentiation of keratinocytes. Our results indicate that CPD-dependent signaling acutely maintains skin integrity by supporting cellular energy metabolism.

Interested yet? Read on for other articles about 7226-23-5, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. SDS of cas: 7226-23-5.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Electric Literature of 4318-56-3, Redox catalysis has been broadly utilized in electrochemical synthesis due to its kinetic advantages over direct electrolysis. The appropriate choice of redox mediator can avoid electrode passivation and overpotential. 4318-56-3, Name is 6-Chloro-3-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, SMILES is O=C1N(C)C(C=C(Cl)N1)=O, belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a article, author is Topham, Christopher M., introduce new discover of the category.

Peptide nucleic acid Hoogsteen strand linker design for major groove recognition of DNA thymine bases

Sequence-specific targeting of double-stranded DNA and non-coding RNA via triple-helix-forming peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) has attracted considerable attention in therapeutic, diagnostic and nanotechnological fields. An E-base (3-oxo-2,3-dihydropyridazine), attached to the polyamide backbone of a PNA Hoogsteen strand by a side-chain linker molecule, is typically used in the hydrogen bond recognition of the 4-oxo group of thymine and uracil nucleic acid bases in the major groove. We report on the application of quantum chemical computational methods, in conjunction with spatial constraints derived from the experimental structure of a homopyrimidine PNA center dot DNA-PNA hetero-triplex, to investigate the influence of linker flexibility on binding interactions of the E-base with thymine and uracil bases in geometry-optimised model systems. Hydrogen bond formation between the N2 E-base atom and target pyrimidine base 4-oxo groups in model systems containing a beta-alanine linker (J Am Chem Soc 119:11116, 1997) was found to incur significant internal strain energy and the potential disruption of intra-stand aromatic base stacking interactions in an oligomeric context. In geometry-optimised model systems containing a 3-trans olefin linker (Bioorg Med Chem Lett 14:1551, 2004) the E-base swung out away from the target pyrimidine bases into the solvent. These findings are in qualitative agreement with calorimetric measurements in hybridisation experiments at T-A and U-A inversion sites. In contrast, calculations on a novel 2-cis olefin linker design indicate that it could permit simultaneous E-base hydrogen bonding with the thymine 4-oxo group, circumvention and solvent screening of the thymine 5-methyl group, and maintenance of triplex intra-stand base stacking interactions.

Electric Literature of 4318-56-3, Enzymes are biological catalysts that produce large increases in reaction rates and tend to be specific for certain reactants and products. I hope my blog about 4318-56-3 is helpful to your research.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

One of the major reasons for studying chemical kinetics is to use measurements of the macroscopic properties of a system, such as the rate of change in the concentration of reactants or products with time. 3680-71-5, Name is 1,7-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one, formurla is C6H5N3O. In a document, author is Zarren, Gul, introducing its new discovery. SDS of cas: 3680-71-5.

Copper-catalyzed one-pot relay synthesis of anthraquinone based pyrimidine derivative as a probe for antioxidant and antidiabetic activity

Synthetic compounds have modernized the globe due to its vast applicable fields. Anthraquinones, as well as pyrimidine derivatives, are used as essential pharmacophores in the field of medicine. Maintenance of a green disease-free environment by using these derivatives is being acknowledged in developed as well as developing countries of the world. Considering the use of active catalysts in the synthesis of anthraquinone based derivatives are the era of concern for researchers due to their distinctive properties. Owing to the remarkable activities of anthraquinone and pyrimidine derivative, we synthesize compounds having both functionalities with the utilization of novel synergically active copper catalysts. This study explores the application of synthesized compounds using fast, ecofriendly and cost-effective approaches. H-1 and C-13 NMR, antioxidant, antidiabetic, molecular docking and QSAR studies were used for characterization and evaluation of newly synthesized anthraquinone based pyrimidine derivatives. The result of these techniques shows that our desired compounds were successfully synthesized and have potent applications. Among all synthesized compounds, G(2) and G(3) showed a remarkable antioxidant activity with IC50 of 15.09 and 21.88 mu g/ml respectively. While the compound G(2) and G(4) showed a strong inhibitory antidiabetic activity with the IC50 value of 24.23 and 28.94 mu g/ml respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking results for both of the proteins assist the experimental data and confirms the different interactions between binding domains and substituent moieties. SAR study also relates to the experimental facts by giving us positive results of synthesized compounds. According to the QSAR study, G(4) and G(2) emerged as the most stable and most reactive compound among other compounds respectively. While MEP shows moderate to good nucleophilic and electrophilic reactivity of all four compounds. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

I hope this article can help some friends in scientific research. I am very proud of our efforts over the past few months and hope to 3680-71-5 help many people in the next few years. SDS of cas: 3680-71-5.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia