Pyrimidines

Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes and their correlations in river-type drinking water source, China was written by Liu, Yanhua;Chen, Yu;Feng, Mengjuan;Chen, Jianqiu;Shen, Weitao;Zhang, Shenghu. And the article was included in Environmental Science and Pollution Research in 2021.Synthetic Route of C11H12N4O3S This article mentions the following:

The occurrence and distribution of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in natural water has attracted worldwide attention. Antibiotic and ARG pollution in the surface water of drinking water sources might directly/indirectly affect human health. In this study, the distribution of 38 antibiotics, 10 ARGs, 2 integrons, and 16S r DNA in river-type water sources in a large city of China were monitored in winter, which was a period with high level of antibiotic pollution. The results showed that 20 antibiotics were detected with different detection frequencies. The antibiotic pollution in Dec. 2019 was relatively high, with the total concentrations of antibiotics ranging from 281.95 to 472.42 ng/L, followed by that in Jan. 2020 (191.70-337.29 ng/L) and Nov. 2019 (161.25-309.72 ng/L). Sulfacetamide was dominant in Nov. 2019 (23.52-219.00 ng/L) and in Jan. 2020 (113.18-209 ng/L), while norfloxacin in Dec. 2019 (146.72-290.20 ng/L). All the target antibiotics posed low or medium risk for aquatic organisms, and posed low health risk for mankind. Sul1 and erm36 were the predominant ARGs, and intI1 was the predominant integron in drinking water sources. Only tetA showed pos. correlations with its corresponding antibiotic (tetracycline). The rest of ARGs showed no correlations with antibiotics or pos. / neg. correlations with their non-corresponding antibiotics. Overall, the antibiotics and ARG pollution in these water sources was relatively low. These findings provided some reference data for the distribution of antibiotics and ARGs in river-type drinking water sources of large cities in China. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3Synthetic Route of C11H12N4O3S).

4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. As nucleotides in DNA and RNA, pyrimidine nucleotide derivatives have a wide range of biological applications. For example, pyrimidine derivatives are useful in DNA repair studies involving cancer and epigenetics.Synthetic Route of C11H12N4O3S

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Antibiotic resistance genes are enriched with prolonged age of refuse in small and medium-sized landfill systems was written by Chen, Zaiming;Yao, Lihua;Sun, Feng;Zhu, Yisong;Li, Na;Shen, Dongsheng;Wang, Meizhen. And the article was included in Environmental Research in 2021.Recommanded Product: 1220-83-3 This article mentions the following:

Landfills are sites for the disposal of waste over decades. The dynamics of contaminants during landfill treatment influence the functions and environmental risks of the landfill systems, but the patterns of these dynamics are not fully characterized, especially for antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), an emerging contaminant of global concern. Here, seventeen typical ARG subtypes were quant. investigated in refuse samples from small and medium-sized landfills with ages of <3 years, ~5 years, and 8-10 years. The abundance of ARGs, including tetM, tetX, blaPER, emrB, sul1 and sul2, increased significantly (p < 0.05), approaching 8- to 304-fold on average, from refuse of < 3years to that of 8-10 years, while there was no obvious change (p > 0.05) in abundance for other ARGs, including tetQ, tetW, ampC, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, emrA, mefA, qnrD, qnrS, and mexF. Accordingly, resistance to tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides increased with landfill age, while resistance to β-lactams and quinolones remained unchanged. The increase in ARG abundance with increasing refuse age was probably related with the increased horizontal gene transfer (HGT) (indicated by the increased abundance of mobile gene elements) and the enhanced co-selective pressure (suggested by the increased contents of heavy metals). These results indicated a potential risk from ARG enrichment with an increase in refuse age in small and medium-sized landfills, which should be managed to ensure landfill safety. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3Recommanded Product: 1220-83-3).

4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The aromatic compound pyrimidine, and its derivatives, are ubiquitous in nature. They are found in nucleic acids, vitamins, amino acids, antibiotics, alkaloids, and a variety of toxins. Pyrimidine derivatives also play an important role in drug development, either in concert with other compounds or on their own.Recommanded Product: 1220-83-3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

KO^tBu-mediated transition-metal-free synthesis of pyrimidines by selective three-component coupling reactions: A mechanistic insight was written by Wang, Fei;Deng, Zhiwen;Wang, Yawen;Yuan, Fanshu;Zhang, Xing;Lu, Guo-Ping;Fu, Ninghua;Lin, Yamei. And the article was included in Tetrahedron in 2022.Application of 40230-24-8 This article mentions the following:

A KOtBu-mediated strategy for pyrimidine synthesis via selective three-component coupling reactions has been disclosed. This chem., in which a series of pyrimidines (20 examples) can be prepared with moderate to excellent yields, has high potential for large-scale operation owing to its metal-free conditions, atom and step economy. According to mechanistic studies, oxidative species can be generated from KOtBu or toluene in the presence of air, which can initiate the oxidation of alcs. to aldehydes (or ketones). Meanwhile, KOtBu not only promotes the condensation-cyclization process, but also triggers the dehydrogenation of dihydropyrimidine ring. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8Application of 40230-24-8).

4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The pyrimidine derivatives can easily interact with enzymes, genetic materials, and bio components within the cell. We all know its importance to life – pyrimidine and purine bases are included in the structure of DNA and RNA.Application of 40230-24-8

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Synthesis of the caffeine metabolites 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil (AFMU) and 5-acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil (AAMU) on a preparative scale was written by Roehrkasten, R.;Raatz, P.;Kreher, R. P.;Blaszkewicz, M.. And the article was included in Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, B: Chemical Sciences in 1997.Related Products of 54030-56-7 This article mentions the following:

6-Amino- and 6-formylamino-5-acetylamino-3-methyluracil were prepared as standards for qual. and quant. anal. in connection with caffeine metabolism in 6 resp. 7 steps starting from thiourea and NCCH₂CO₂Et. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Amino-3-methyl-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one (cas: 54030-56-7Related Products of 54030-56-7).

6-Amino-3-methyl-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one (cas: 54030-56-7) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. We all know its importance to life – pyrimidine and purine bases are included in the structure of DNA and RNA.Related Products of 54030-56-7

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

A facile and rapid preparation of hydroxamic acids by hydroxylaminolysis using DBU as base was written by Beillard, Audrey;Bhurruth-Alcor, Yushma;Bouix-Peter, Claire;Bouquet, Karinne;Chambon, Sandrine;Clary, Laurence;Harris, Craig S.;Millois, Corrine;Mouis, Gregoire;Ouvry, Gilles;Pierre, Romain;Reitz, Arnaud;Tomas, Loic. And the article was included in Tetrahedron Letters in 2016.Computed Properties of C5H3ClN2O2 This article mentions the following:

While there are many protocols for the preparation of hydroxamic acids from their corresponding carboxylic acid or carboxylic ester precursors, most use strong mineral bases that can lead to carboxylic acid impurities that can be difficult to remove using standard chromatog. techniques. This problem is exacerbated when the carbonyl group is hindered. Herein, we communicate a robust hydroxylaminolysis protocol for the preparation of hydroxamic acids in high yield and purity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Chloropyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (cas: 38275-61-5Computed Properties of C5H3ClN2O2).

5-Chloropyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (cas: 38275-61-5) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. A Cu-catalyzed and 4-HO-TEMPO-mediated [3 + 3] annulation of commercially available amidines with saturated ketones enables an efficient and facile synthesis of structurally important pyrimidines via a cascade reaction of oxidative dehydrogenation/annulation/oxidative aromatization.Computed Properties of C5H3ClN2O2

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 16-Substituted 4-Azasteroids as Tissue-Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) was written by Mitchell, Helen J.;Dankulich, William P.;Hartman, George D.;Prueksaritanont, Thomayant;Schmidt, Azriel;Vogel, Robert L.;Bai, Chang;McElwee-Witmer, Sheila;Zhang, Hai Z.;Chen, Fang;Leu, Chih-Tai;Kimmel, Donald B.;Ray, William J.;Nantermet, Pascale;Gentile, Michael A.;Duggan, Mark E.;Meissner, Robert S.. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2009.Electric Literature of C6H6N2O2 This article mentions the following:

A novel series of 16-substituted-4-azasteroids has been prepared as potential tissue-selective androgen receptor modulators. These ligands display potent hAR binding and agonist activity, low virilizing potential, and good pharmacokinetic profiles in dogs. On the basis of its in vitro profile, I was evaluated in the OVX and ORX rat models and exhibited an osteoanabolic, tissue-selective profile. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Methoxypyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde (cas: 90905-32-1Electric Literature of C6H6N2O2).

2-Methoxypyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde (cas: 90905-32-1) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Pyrimidine derivatives have been used in a wide variety of pharmaceuticals including general anesthetics, anti-epilepsy medication, anti-malaria medication, drugs for treating high blood pressure, and HIV medication.Electric Literature of C6H6N2O2

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Na-Ln Heterometallic Coordination Polymers: Structure Modulation by Na⁺ Concentration and Efficient Detection to Tetracycline Antibiotics and 4-(Phenylazo)aniline was written by Ma, Jing-xin;Ma, Tingting;Qian, Rui;Zhou, Liuqing;Guo, Qi;Yang, Jin-Hui;Yang, Qingfeng. And the article was included in Inorganic Chemistry in 2021.Name: 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide This article mentions the following:

On the basis of the lanthanide metalloligand [Ln(ODA)₃]^3- (H₂ODA = oxydiacetic acid), three new Na-Ln heterometallic coordination polymers, [Ln(ODA)₃Na₂]_n [Ln = Eu (1) and Gd (2)] and [Tb(ODA)₃Na₃(H₂O)₂]_n (3), had been assembled by adjusting the concentration of Na⁺ ions in the reaction system. The investigations of fluorescence sensing showed that 1 could be a ratiometric probe to detect tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) with high sensitivity and low detection limits, 71.92 ppb for the former and 45.54 ppb for the latter, and 3 could selectively sense 4-(phenylazo)aniline through the turn-off pathway with 14.59 ppb of detection limits. Moreover, the competing and circulating experiments indicated that both 1 and 3 had satisfactory antiinterference and recyclability for the corresponding analytes. All of these results implied that 1 and 3 should be potential fluorescent sensors for the detection of TC/OTC and 4-(phenylazo)aniline, and the possible sensing mechanism had also been discussed in depth. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3Name: 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide).

4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. For example, the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin is a pyrimidine derivative. It is found in a number of species including the Japanese puffer fish, the blue-ringed octopus, and the orange-bellied newt. Tetrodotoxin prevents the transmission of nerve signals and can result in paralysis and death.Name: 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidines. V. Synthesis of 5-amino-4-hydroxypyrimidine, a new isomer of cytosine was written by Boarland, M. P. V.;McOmie, J. F. W.. And the article was included in Journal of the Chemical Society in 1952.COA of Formula: C4H5N3O This article mentions the following:

Treatment of 30 g. NaOCH:C(NHBz)CO₂Et in 60 cc. H₂O 2 days at 37° with 15.2 g. methylthiuronium sulfate and 6.2 g. KOH in 80 cc. H₂O and acidification with HOAc precipitated 91% 5-benzamido-4-hydroxy-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine (I), m. 268° (from aqueous dioxane). I (3.0 g.), refluxed 1 hr. with 30 cc. Ac₂O, was converted to 1.2 g. 5-acetamido-4-hydroxy-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine, m. 220-1° (decomposition), absorption maximum in 0.1N NaOH at 256 and 291 mμ (log ε 4.09 and 4.10); after sublimation to remove BzOH and recrystallization from EtOH it m. 236°. Refluxing 10.0 g. I in 300 cc. aqueous dioxane 3.5 hrs. with 40 g. Raney Ni gave 4.7 g. 5-benzamido-4-hydroxypyrimidine, m. 245-6° (from aqueous EtOH). POCl₃ (50 cc.) and 9.0 g. I, heated 3 hrs., gave 77% 2′-methylthio-2-phenylpyrimidino(5′,4′:4,5)oxazole (II), m. 155-6° (from EtOH). 2-Phenylpyrimidino(5′,4′:4,5)oxazole (62%), m. 114° after recrystallization from aqueous EtOH and sublimation at 110° and 0.1 mm., resulted from refluxing 2.0 g. II in 150 cc. EtOH 3 hrs. with 8 g. Raney Ni. HCO₂Et (14 cc.), 20 g. EtO₂CNHCH₂CO₂Et, and 2.8 g. Na in 150 cc. C₆H₆, heated 0.75 hr. and let stand, precipitated on addition of Et₂O 22.5 g. NaOCH:C(NHCO₂Et)CO₂Et (III). Treatment of 37.3 g. III in 50 cc. H₂O with 28 g. ethylthiuronium bromide and 8.5 g. KOH in 50 cc. H₂O 15 hrs. gave on acidification IV, m. 200-56° (decomposition), which, on crystallization from aqueous EtOH and paper chromatography with EtOAc-H₂O-HOAc (3:2:1), indicated a mixture of 2-ethylthio-5-formamido-4-hydroxypyrimidine (V) (R_f 0.90) and 5-(ethoxycarbonyl)amino-2-ethylthio-4-hydroxypyrimidine (VI) (R_f 0.96). 5-Amino-2-ethylthio-4-hydroxypyrimidine (VII), m. 159° (from H₂O), absorption maximum in 0.1N NaOH 263 and 295 mμ (log ε 3.99 and 3.92), was obtained by refluxing IV with aqueous NaOH. VII (0.4 g.), refluxed with 10 cc. HCO₂C₅H₁₁, gave 0.35 g. V, m. 269-70 (from 50% EtOH), absorption maximum in 0.1N NaOH at 259 and 296 mμ (log ε 4.02 and 4.05). VI, m. 190-1°, absorption maximum in 0.1N NaOH at 255 and 291 mμ (log ε 3.99 and 3.99), was obtained from 1 g. IV by solution in 20 cc. Ac₂O, dilution with H₂O, and recrystallization from HOAc, and in 90% yield by treatment of 0.5 g. VII with 0.13 g. Na₂CO₃ in 20 cc. H₂O and 0.25 cc. ClCO₂Et. Desulfurization of 2.0 g. VII 3 hrs. with 8 g. Raney Ni in 70 cc. H₂O gave 0.8 g. 5-amino-4-hydroxypyrimidine (VIII), m. 211-12° (from EtOH), absorption maximum in 0.1N HCl at 290 mμ (log ε 4.14) and in 0.1N NaOH at 248 and 282 mμ (log ε 3.88 and 3.87). VIII and VII in 1% solution showed no activity against Staphylococcus aureus by the agar-cup diffusion method. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Aminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one (cas: 69785-94-0COA of Formula: C4H5N3O).

5-Aminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one (cas: 69785-94-0) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Heterocyclic compounds bearing the pyrimidine core are of tremendous interest as they constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds exhibiting diverse useful biological activities that hold attractive potential for clinical translation as therapeutic agents in alleviation of a myriad of diseases. As nucleotides in DNA and RNA, pyrimidine nucleotide derivatives have a wide range of biological applications. For example, pyrimidine derivatives are useful in DNA repair studies involving cancer and epigenetics.COA of Formula: C4H5N3O

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Design, Synthesis, Anti-Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Activity, and Mechanism of Action of Thienopyrimidine-Containing Dithioacetal Derivatives was written by Wang, Yanju;Luo, Yuqin;Hu, Deyu;Song, Baoan. And the article was included in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry in 2022.Recommanded Product: 4-Chloro-7-methylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine This article mentions the following:

Currently, there is insufficient virucide to effectively control tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). To address this pending issue, a series of thienopyrimidine-containing dithioacetal derivatives were prepared and tested for their anti-TSWV activities. A subsequent three-dimensional quant. structure-activity relationship was constructed to indicate the development of optimal compound I. The obtained compound I had excellent anti-TSWV curative, protective, and inactivating activities (63.0, 56.6, and 74.1%, resp.), and the EC₅₀ values of protective and inactivating activities of compound 35 were 252.8 and 113.5 mg/L, resp., better than those of ningnanmycin (284.8 and 144.7 mg/L) and xiangcaoliusuobingmi (624.9 and 300.0 mg/L). In addition, the anti-TSWV activity of compound I was associated with defense-related enzyme activities, enhanced photosynthesis, and reduced stress response, thereby enhancing disease resistance. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Chloro-7-methylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine (cas: 175137-21-0Recommanded Product: 4-Chloro-7-methylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine).

4-Chloro-7-methylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine (cas: 175137-21-0) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The pyrimidine derivatives can easily interact with enzymes, genetic materials, and bio components within the cell. Pyrimidine derivatives also play an important role in drug development, either in concert with other compounds or on their own.Recommanded Product: 4-Chloro-7-methylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Fate of antibiotics during membrane separation followed by physical-chemical treatment processes was written by Yin, Fubin;Lin, Shuyao;Zhou, Xiaoqin;Dong, Hongmin;Zhan, Yuanhang. And the article was included in Science of the Total Environment in 2021.Product Details of 1220-83-3 This article mentions the following:

Membrane separation technol. has been widely utilized to obtain clean permeate and concentrated nutrients from biogas digested slurry. However, some antibiotics are frequently found in digested slurry. Antibiotic removal during the steps, including paper filtration (PF), hollow-fiber membrane ultrafiltration (HF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO), of combined membrane separation processing (CMP) remain poorly understood. Experiments were performed on a pilot-scale CMP plant to investigate antibiotic transport and rejection efficiencies in CMP products and analyze the antibiotic removal performances of addnl. treatments. Results showed average relative antibiotic rejection efficiencies of 50%, 83%, 28% and 14% for PF, HF, NF and RO during CMP, resp. Each CMP product needed addnl. treatment for antibiotic removal. Antibiotic removal capacity followed the order of fine halloysite > P25 > activated charcoal > coarse halloysite. The average antibiotic removal rates for different CMP products ranged from 73.3% to 99.9%. But antibiotics can only be adsorbed by fine halloysite and must be degraded through other treatments, Thus, P25 has considerable practical importance for the removal of antibiotics, as antibiotics can be degraded during photocatalysis. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3Product Details of 1220-83-3).

4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. For example, the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin is a pyrimidine derivative. It is found in a number of species including the Japanese puffer fish, the blue-ringed octopus, and the orange-bellied newt. Tetrodotoxin prevents the transmission of nerve signals and can result in paralysis and death.Product Details of 1220-83-3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia