Pyrimidines

A tiered probabilistic approach to assess antibiotic ecological and resistance development risks in the fresh surface waters of China was written by Zhang, Jiawei;Ge, Hui;Shi, Jianghong;Tao, Huanyu;Li, Bin;Yu, Xiangyi;Zhang, Mengtao;Xu, Zonglin;Xiao, Ruijie;Li, Xiaoyan. And the article was included in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety in 2022.Application In Synthesis of 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide This article mentions the following:

Exposure to antibiotics can result in not only ecotoxicity on aquatic organisms but also the development of antibiotic resistance. In the study, the ecotoxicity data and min. inhibitory concentrations of the antibiotics were screened to derive predicted no-effect concentrations of ecol. (PNEC_eco) and resistance development risks (PNEC_res) for 36 antibiotics in fresh surface waters of China. The derived PNEC_eco and PNEC_res values were ranged from 0.00175 to 2351μg/L and 0.037-50μg/L, resp. Antibiotic ecol. and resistance development risks were geog. widespread, especially in the Yongding River, Daqing River, and Ziya River basins of China. Based on the risk quotients, 11 and 14 of 36 target antibiotics were at high ecol. risks and high resistance development risks in at least one basin, resp. The higher tiered assessments provided more detailed risk descriptions by probability values and β-lactams (penicillin and amoxicillin) were present at the highest levels for ecol. and resistance development risks. Although there was uncertainty based on the limited data and existing methods, this study can indicate the overall situation of the existing risk levels and provide essential insights and data supporting antibiotic management. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3Application In Synthesis of 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide).

4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives. Drugs having the pyrimidine motif have manifested to exhibit gratifying biological activity like anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antihypertensive activities.Application In Synthesis of 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Effects of wastewater treatment and manure application on the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance around swine feedlots was written by Liu, Chong;Li, Xiaohua;Zheng, Shunan;Kai, Zhang;Jin, Tuo;Shi, Rongguang;Huang, Hongkun;Zheng, Xiangqun. And the article was included in Journal of Cleaner Production in 2021.Formula: C11H12N4O3S This article mentions the following:

China is the world’s largest swine producer and consumer of pork. The large amount of veterinary antibiotics used in swine production poses a significant environmental risk, and many wastewater treatment and manure application measures are taken to control the spread of antibiotic pollution from swine feedlots. However, the effectiveness of these measures in antibiotic and antibiotic resistance genes removal remains unclear. This study evaluated the fate of antibiotics and related resistance genes around 10 swine farms throughout China. A conventional wastewater treatment facility had limited ability to remove antibiotics and related resistance genes in effluent. Manure application increased the antibiotic concentration and related resistance genes abundance in agricultural soil, and simultaneously enhanced the correlation between class I integron and antibiotic resistance genes. Furthermore, the results revealed some factors such as heavy metals, dissolved oxygen and nutrients might play important roles in aggravating the antimicrobial resistance. The relevance network revealed that copper and zinc were significantly correlated with antibiotic resistance genes and class I/II integrons in manured soil and effluents from an anaerobic digester and membrane bioreactor, suggesting that excessive heavy metals could trigger co-selection and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Overall, the study revealed the risk of antibiotic residual and resistance gene pollution in swine wastewater treatment and manure application, highlighting the importance in the source control of antibiotic and heavy metal uses as well as the necessity to optimize wastewater treatment technol. for resistance removal. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3Formula: C11H12N4O3S).

4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The pyrimidine nitrogenous bases are derived from the organic compound pyrimidine through the addition of various functional groups. Therapy for fungal infections is based mainly on four classes of antifungals: azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, and pyrimidine analogs.Formula: C11H12N4O3S

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Metabonomics study on the hepatoprotective effect mechanism of polysaccharides from different processed products of Angelica sinensis on layer chickens based on UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS, multivariate statistical analysis and conjoint analysis was written by Wu, Fan-lin;Hu, Yong-hao;Ji, Peng;Li, Chen-chen;He, Jian. And the article was included in Biomedical Chromatography in 2022.Safety of 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide This article mentions the following:

Chicken colibacillosis is one of the most severe diseases in the poultry industry. Ceftiofur sodium (CS) is often used to treat it in clin. practice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) accumulates in the chicken ′s body. Previous exptl. studies found that CS combined with LPS could induce liver injury in layer chickens, and polysaccharides from charred Angelica sinensis(CASP) had a better hepatoprotective effect than polysaccharides from unprocessed Angelica sinensis(UASP). However, the intervention mechanism was unclear. Thus, UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS-based metabonomics and transcriptomics were used in this study to clarify the hepatoprotective effect mechanism of CASP and UASP in layer chickens. Transcriptomics and ELISA were used for biol. verification of some critical mutual metabolic pathways screened with metabonomics. The comprehensive anal. results showed that in a layer chicken liver injury model built with LPS and CS, 12 critical metabolic pathways were disturbed, involving 10 important differential metabolites. The hepatoprotective effect mechanism of CASP is related to the arachidonic acid metabolism and mTOR signaling pathways, involving nine important differential metabolites. In contrast, the hepatoprotective effect mechanism of UASP is related to the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway, involving six important differential metabolites. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3Safety of 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide).

4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Heterocyclic compounds bearing the pyrimidine core are of tremendous interest as they constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds exhibiting diverse useful biological activities that hold attractive potential for clinical translation as therapeutic agents in alleviation of a myriad of diseases. A Cu-catalyzed and 4-HO-TEMPO-mediated [3 + 3] annulation of commercially available amidines with saturated ketones enables an efficient and facile synthesis of structurally important pyrimidines via a cascade reaction of oxidative dehydrogenation/annulation/oxidative aromatization.Safety of 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Synthesis, characterization of 4,6-disubstituted aminopyrimidines and their sulphonamide derivatives as anti-amoebic agents was written by Siddiqui, Shadab Miyan;Azam, Amir. And the article was included in Medicinal Chemistry Research in 2014.HPLC of Formula: 40230-24-8 This article mentions the following:

The present study describes the synthesis and anti-amoebic activity of 4,6-disubstituted aminopyrimidines and their sulfonamide derivatives (1-20). All the desired compounds were characterized by spectral data and their purity was confirmed by elemental anal. The aim of the study was to explore the effect of the target compounds on in vitro growth of HM1:IMSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica. In vitro anti-amoebic activity was performed by microdilution method and the results were compared with standard drug metronidazole. The results revealed that sulfonamide derivatives showed better activity than 4,6-disubstituted aminopyrimidines. 5 Pyrimidine and 12 sulfonamide derivatives were better inhibitors of the growth of E. histolytica than the reference drug metronidazole (IC₅₀ = 1.80 μM). The promising in vitro anti-amoebic activity of the compounds make them promising mols. for further lead optimization in the development of novel anti-amoebic agents, therefore, it is hoped that these preliminary results could help in designing better mols. with an enhanced anti-amoebic activity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8HPLC of Formula: 40230-24-8).

4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives. Therapy for fungal infections is based mainly on four classes of antifungals: azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, and pyrimidine analogs.HPLC of Formula: 40230-24-8

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Rainfall influences occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products in landfill leachates: Evidence from seasonal variations and extreme rainfall episodes was written by Yu, Xia;Sui, Qian;Lyu, Shuguang;Zhao, Wentao;Wu, Dongquan;Yu, Gang;Barcelo, Damia. And the article was included in Environmental Science & Technology in 2021.Reference of 1220-83-3 This article mentions the following:

Unused or expired pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are usually discharged into municipal solid wastes, then travel to landfills, and eventually percolate into leachates. However, knowledge of their occurrence and temporal dynamics in leachates is limited, making landfill leachate an underappreciated emission source of PPCPs. Furthermore, the differences in PPCP variations in landfill leachates emphasize the necessity for identifying the influencing factors and elucidating the mechanisms for PPCP fluctuations. In this study, successive monthly monitoring of PPCPs in leachates throughout an entire year was performed to determine their seasonal variations and identify their influencing factors. Furthermore, five pairs of addnl. sampling campaigns were conducted before and after rainfall events during wet seasons to elucidate the influencing mechanisms. The results showed that there was a distinct seasonal variation in PPCPs in landfill leachates-elevated levels during the wet period (from Apr. to Sept., with a mean concentration of 17.0μg/L for total monitored PPCPs)-when compared to other months (mean concentration of 3.8μg/L). Rainfall played a considerable role in mediating PPCP concentrations in leachates. The PPCP responses to five rainfall episodes further verified the influence of rainfall and demonstrated that the tendency to PPCP concentration increase was related to rainfall precipitation Torrential rain events (i.e., 24 h cumulative precipitation of 50-99.9 mm) led to the most significant increases in PPCP concentrations in landfill leachates. In addition, the hydrophilicity of PPCPs contributed to the different fluctuations during the 1 yr investigation and different responses to rainfall. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first direct evidence supporting the influence of rainfall on PPCPs in landfill leachates, which can help better understand the occurrence and behavior of emerging contaminants in this underappreciated emission source. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3Reference of 1220-83-3).

4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The pyrimidine derivatives can easily interact with enzymes, genetic materials, and bio components within the cell. As nucleotides in DNA and RNA, pyrimidine nucleotide derivatives have a wide range of biological applications. For example, pyrimidine derivatives are useful in DNA repair studies involving cancer and epigenetics.Reference of 1220-83-3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Iron Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrimidines Under Air was written by Mondal, Rakesh;Sinha, Suman;Das, Siuli;Chakraborty, Gargi;Paul, Nanda D.. And the article was included in Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis in 2020.Related Products of 40230-24-8 This article mentions the following:

A well-defined Fe(II)-complex featuring redox non-innocent 2-phenylazo-(1,10-phenanthroline) ligand, as a catalyst, a wide array of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines I (R = NH₂, Me, Ph, 4-chlorophenyl, cyclopropy; R¹ = Ph, thiophen-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, etc.; R² = Ph, cyclopropyl, 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, etc.) was prepared via multicomponent dehydrogenative coupling of primary R²CH₂OH and secondary alcs. R¹CH(CH₃)OH with amidines NH₂N(R)=NH under air at 100°C. A few control experiments were carried out to understand and unveil the plausible reaction mechanism. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8Related Products of 40230-24-8).

4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidines are isomeric with two other forms of diazines: pyridazine, with the nitrogen atoms in the 1 and 2 positions; and pyrazine, with the nitrogen atoms in the 1 and 4 positions. Pyrimidine derivatives have been used in a wide variety of pharmaceuticals including general anesthetics, anti-epilepsy medication, anti-malaria medication, drugs for treating high blood pressure, and HIV medication.Related Products of 40230-24-8

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Reaction of 1,3-diaryl-2,3-dibromo-1-propanones with urea in basic and acidic medium. Synthesis of pyrimidine, imidazoline and imidazolidine derivatives was written by Dora, E. Khalli;Dash, Bhabagrahi;Panda, C. S.. And the article was included in Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry in 1983.HPLC of Formula: 40230-24-8 This article mentions the following:

RCOCHBrCHBrR¹ [I, R, R¹ = (un)substituted phenyl] underwent cyclization with H₂NCONH₂ in basic medium to give the pyrimidines II (R² = Br, R³ = H, X = O), which were converted to II (R²R³ = X = O, S). I reacted with R⁴NHCONH₂ (R⁴ = H, Ph) and PhNHCONHPh in AcOH to give the imidazoles III and IV, resp. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8HPLC of Formula: 40230-24-8).

4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The aromatic compound pyrimidine, and its derivatives, are ubiquitous in nature. They are found in nucleic acids, vitamins, amino acids, antibiotics, alkaloids, and a variety of toxins. We all know its importance to life – pyrimidine and purine bases are included in the structure of DNA and RNA.HPLC of Formula: 40230-24-8

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The variations of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in two subtropical large river basins of south China: Anthropogenic impacts and environmental risks was written by Gao, Fang-Zhou;He, Liang-Ying;Hu, Li-Xin;Chen, Jun;Yang, Yuan-Yuan;He, Lu-Xi;Bai, Hong;Liu, You-Sheng;Zhao, Jian-Liang;Ying, Guang-Guo. And the article was included in Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) in 2022.Related Products of 1220-83-3 This article mentions the following:

Emission of antibiotics into riverine environments affects aquatic ecosystem functions and leads to the development of antibiotic resistance. Here, the profiles of forty-four antibiotics and eighteen antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were analyzed in two large rivers of the Pearl River System. In addition, the risks of ecotoxicity and resistance selection posed by the antibiotics were estimated As compared to the reservoirs, the river sections close to the urban and livestock areas contained more antibiotics and ARGs. Seasonal variations of antibiotics (higher in the dry season) and relative ARGs (normalized by 16S rRNA gene, higher in the wet season) were found in the water, but not in the sediment. Sulfonamide resistance genes were the most prevalent ARGs in both river water and sediment. Antibiotic concentration was correlated with ARG abundance in the water, indicating that antibiotics play a critical role in ARG spread. In addition, oxytetracycline was the most abundant antibiotic with concentrations up to 2030 ng/L in the water and 2100 ng/g in the sediment resp., and posed the highest risks for resistance selection. Oxytetracycline, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole were expected to be more ecotoxicol. harmful to aquatic organisms, while ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and tetracycline posed ecotoxicol. risks in the sediment. The Nanliujiang river with intensive livestock activities was contaminated by antibiotics and ARGs and faced high ecotoxicol. and resistance selection risks. Collectively, these findings reflect the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the spread of antibiotic resistance in large river basins. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3Related Products of 1220-83-3).

4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. Therapy for fungal infections is based mainly on four classes of antifungals: azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, and pyrimidine analogs.Related Products of 1220-83-3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pollution characterization of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in the northwest of Tai Lake Basin, China: Occurrence, temporal changes, riverine flux and risk assessment was written by An, Wenkai;Duan, Lei;Zhang, Yizhe;Zhou, Yitong;Wang, Bin;Yu, Gang. And the article was included in Journal of Hazardous Materials in 2022.HPLC of Formula: 1220-83-3 This article mentions the following:

PhACs have attracted great attentions of researchers because of their potential ecol. and healthy risks. However, their long-term pollution tendency study is very scarce. In this study, 32 target PhACs from surface water, wastewater treatment plants, fishponds and livestock farms were investigated in Wujin, a city located in the northeast of Tai Lake, using grab sampling. The occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution characteristics, potential sources, riverine flux and risk assessment were systematically analyzed. It was found that non-antibiotics were the mainly PhACs category in Wujin and CF, SMX were the predominant non-antibiotics and antibiotics, resp. Besides, the average concentrations of total PhACs were 586.6 ng L-1 and 273.2 ng L-1 in 2018 and 2019, resp. This improvement could be mainly attributed to the closure of fishponds and livestock farms. Moreover, CF/CBZ ratios which was considered as an indicator to trace untreated wastewater decrease significantly in 2019, and this was also a main reason for the improvement. Riverine flux could be calculated through arranging control sampling sites in the boundary and the net riverine inflow flux of PhACs in Wujin was 264.3 kg/a. Finally, CF, SMX, EM were evaluated as the high risk contaminants based on a comprehensive risk assessment method. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3HPLC of Formula: 1220-83-3).

4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The aromatic compound pyrimidine, and its derivatives, are ubiquitous in nature. They are found in nucleic acids, vitamins, amino acids, antibiotics, alkaloids, and a variety of toxins. Therapy for fungal infections is based mainly on four classes of antifungals: azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, and pyrimidine analogs.HPLC of Formula: 1220-83-3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Mechanism of decarboxylation of 1,3-dimethylorotic acid. A model for orotidine 5′-phosphate decarboxylase was written by Beak, Peter;Siegel, Brock. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 1976.Recommanded Product: 59864-30-1 This article mentions the following:

The decarboxylation of 1,3-dimethylorotic acid (I) is shown to proceed by sep. pH-determined pathways in sulfolane at 180-220°. Although a process involving ionization of I is the major pathway in the presence of excess base, decarboxylation is initiated by zwitterion formation in the neutral solvent. Measurements of the rate of loss of CO2 from 6-carboxy-2,4-dimethoxypyrimidine and 1-methyl-2,4-dimethoxypyrimidinium-6-carboxylate betaine (II) are used to estimate the equilibrium and rate constants for the zwitterionic pathway. Comparison of the rate constant for decarboxylation of II with kcat for orotidine 5′-phosphate decarboxylase shows that the biol. catalysis can be satisfactorily accounted for if the enzyme provides a site which displaces the equilibrium in favor of the zwitterionic form of orotidylic acid. It is also noted that the inhibitor, 6-azauridine monophosphate, which has a greater affinity for the enzyme than does the substrate, provides a partial model for the intermediate formed on loss of CO2 from the zwitterion. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,6-Dimethoxypyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid (cas: 59864-30-1Recommanded Product: 59864-30-1).

2,6-Dimethoxypyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid (cas: 59864-30-1) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives. As nucleotides in DNA and RNA, pyrimidine nucleotide derivatives have a wide range of biological applications. For example, pyrimidine derivatives are useful in DNA repair studies involving cancer and epigenetics.Recommanded Product: 59864-30-1

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia