Pyrimidines

On March 31, 2019, Hlusicka, Jiri; Loster, Tomas; Lischkova, Lucie; Vaneckova, Manuela; Diblik, Pavel; Urban, Pavel; Navratil, Tomas; Kacer, Petr; Kacerova, Tereza; Zakharov, Sergey published an article.Product Details of 4433-40-3 The title of the article was Markers of nucleic acids and proteins oxidative damage in acute methanol poisoning. And the article contained the following:

Abstract: The aim of the study is to measure serum concentrations of markers of nucleic acids and proteins oxidative damage in humans to study the dynamics and clin. determinants of oxidative stress caused by acute methanol poisoning. Acute blood serum samples for this study were collected from 28 patients with methanol poisoning and the follow-up samples from 36 survivors of poisoning were collected 2 years after discharge. Serum concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG), 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil (5-OHMU), ortho-tyrosine (o-Tyr), nitrotyrosine (NO-Tyr), and chlorotyrosine (Cl-Tyr) were measured by liquid chromatog.-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Acute concentrations of 8-OHdG and o-Tyr were significantly higher than the follow-up concentrations (94.4 ± 6.2 vs. 78.0 ± 10.0 pg cm-3; p = 0.009 and 163.0 ± 11.0 vs. 124.0 ± 17.0 pg cm-3; p < 0.001, correspondingly). Survivors of methanol poisoning had higher acute 8-OHdG and 8-OHG concentrations than those who died (97.3 ± 7.4 vs. 50.0 ± 23.0 pg cm-3; p < 0.001 and 97.9 ± 7.2 vs. 83.7 ± 6.7 pg cm-3; p = 0.047). Acute concentrations of 8-OHdG, 8-OHG, 5-OHMU, and o-Tyr were higher in the patients who survived without health sequelae than in those who survived with visual and CNS sequelae (all p < 0.05). Acute concentrations of markers of proteins and nucleic acids damage correlated with laboratory parameters of acidemia (anion gap) and serum ethanol concentration on admission (both p < 0.05). Acute elevation of the concentration of markers of nucleic acids and proteins oxidative damage in the patients with methanol poisoning suggest that mild-to-moderate oxidative stress may play an important role in the non-specific mechanisms of brain protection against direct neurotoxic effects of formic acid. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).Product Details of 4433-40-3

The Article related to forensic biomarker nucleic acid protein oxidative stress methanol poisoning, Toxicology: Forensic Chemistry (Including Analysis) and other aspects.Product Details of 4433-40-3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On January 4, 2017, Saji, Hideo; Kimura, Hiroyuki; Matsuda, Hirokazu; Nakanishi, Shuichi published a patent.Related Products of 175357-98-9 The title of the patent was Preparation of pyridopyrimidine derivatives as nuclear medicine diagnostic imaging agents. And the patent contained the following:

Provided is a radioactive labeled compound that can detect a secondary mutation of an epidermal growth factor receptor and which is a compound represented by formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Compounds of formula I, wherein L1 is an alkanediyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkenediyl carbonyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms; R1 is a radioactive halogen atom, or 5- to 7-membered monocyclic nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl that may have one substituent, R2 is a 6- to 8-membered aryl group or nitrogen-containing heteroaryl group with one substituent; R1 or R2 contains a radioactive halogen atom or a radioactive carbon atom (11C), and Y is NH or O; are claimed. Example compound II was prepared by a multistep procedure (preparation given). The invention compounds were evaluated for their tyrosine kinase inhibiting activity (some data given). The experimental process involved the reaction of 4-Chloro-6-fluoropyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine(cas: 175357-98-9).Related Products of 175357-98-9

The Article related to pyridopyrimidine derivative nuclear medicine imaging agent tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Heterocyclic Compounds (One Hetero Atom): Pyridines and other aspects.Related Products of 175357-98-9

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On May 5, 2020, Herl, Thomas; Matysik, Frank-Michael published an article.Electric Literature of 65-71-4 The title of the article was Investigation of the Electrooxidation of Thymine on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes by Hyphenation of Electrochemistry and Mass Spectrometry. And the article contained the following:

The electrooxidation of thymine on screen-printed C electrodes was studied using different complementary instrumental approaches. The potential-dependent product profile was obtained by recording real-time mass voltammograms. Electrochem. flow cells with integrated disposable electrodes were directly coupled with mass spectrometry to facilitate a very fast detection of electrogenerated species. Thymine dimers were found at a potential of ∼1.1 V in ammonium acetate (pH 7.0) and 1.25 V in ammonium H carbonate electrolyte (pH 8.0). Electrochem.-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry measurements revealed that two isobaric isomers of a dimeric oxidation product were formed. Separations at different time intervals between end of oxidation and start of separation showed that these were hydrated over time. A study of the pKa values by changing the separation conditions in electrochem.-capillary electrophoresis-UV-visible spectroscopy measurements allowed for further characterization of the primary oxidation products. Both isomers exhibited two deprotonation steps. The oxidation products were further characterized by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Based on the obtained data, the main oxidation products of thymine in aqueous solution could most likely be identified as N(1)-C(5′) and N(1)-C(6′) linked dimer species evolving into the corresponding dimer hydrates over time. The presented methods for online characterization of electrochem. pretreated samples showed that not only mass spectrometric data can be obtained by electrochem.-mass spectrometry but also further characterizations such as the study of product stability and the pH-dependent protonation or deprotonation behavior are possible. This is valid not only for stable oxidation products but also for intermediates, as anal. can be carried out within a short time scale. Thus, a vast amount of valuable exptl. data can be acquired, which can help in understanding electrooxidation processes. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 65-71-4).Electric Literature of 65-71-4

The Article related to electrooxidation thymine screen printed carbon electrode electrochem mass spectrometry, Electrochemistry: Electrochemical Cells and Systems and other aspects.Electric Literature of 65-71-4

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Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On August 7, 2013, Bradley, Stuart Edward; Bell, James Charles; Keily, John; Morrison, Angus; Hanrahan, Patrick Eric; Morgan, Trevor; Rasamison, Chrystelle; Curtis, Eleanor; Smyth, Donald; Bloxham, Jason; Sambrook-Smith, Colin Peter published a patent.Recommanded Product: 596114-50-0 The title of the patent was Preparation of 3-(N-heterocyclylpiperidin-4-yl)butyloxyphenyl derivatives as agonists of GPR119 and GPR40 receptors. And the patent contained the following:

Title compounds I, II and III [R3 = H, F or propyn-1-yl; R5, R6 and R7 = independently H or halogen; E = O, NR8 or S; R8 =H, Me, Et, Pr or i-propyl; V = bond, C(CH3)2, (un)substituted spirocycloalkyl or spiroheterocycle; W = CH2 or form cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl when taken together with V; A = (un)substituted Ph or heteroaryl; B = H, F, OH, propyn-1-yl, etc.; X = O, CH2, N or S; Y = CH2, (CH3)CH, FCH, CH2CH2, etc.; R9 and R10 = independently H, halogen, (un)substituted alkyl, or form azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, 3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[ 3.3.1]nonane or azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane when taken together; R11 = H, halogen, alkoxy or (un)substituted alkyl; p and q = 0-2; Z = Ph, benzyl, heteroaryl or CH2-heteroaryl, etc.], and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are prepared as agonists of GPR119 and GPR40 receptors. Compound IV was prepared by coupling reaction of compound V (preparation given) and compound VI (preparation given) followed by hydrolysis of the ester group. CompoundIV exhibited activities with EC50 values of less than 1 μM in both GPRl19 cAMP assay and GPR40 FLIPR assay. The invention compounds are useful for the treatment of type II diabetes. The experimental process involved the reaction of 2-Chloro-5-isopropylpyrimidine(cas: 596114-50-0).Recommanded Product: 596114-50-0

The Article related to heterocyclylpiperidinylbutyloxyphenyl derivative preparation gpr119 gpr40 receptor agonist typeii diabetes, Heterocyclic Compounds (One Hetero Atom): Pyridines and other aspects.Recommanded Product: 596114-50-0

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On March 1, 1994, Brown, George R.; Mallion, Keith B.; Whittamore, Paul R. O.; Brittain, David R. published a patent.Recommanded Product: 160377-42-4 The title of the patent was Quinuclidine derivatives useful as squalene synthase inhibitors and their preparation. And the patent contained the following:

Compounds of formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts [R1 = H, OH; R2 = H; or R1R2 = bond; X = CH2CH2, CH:CH, CC, CH2O, CH2NH, NHCH2, CH2CO, COCH2, CH2S and SCH2; Ar1 = (un)substituted phenylene; Ar2 = (un)substituted heteroaryl; substituent(s) on Ar1 and Ar2 = halo, OH, (di)(alkyl)amino, NO2, cyano, CO2H, (di)(alkyl)carbamoyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkyl, carboxyalkyl, alkanoylamino; provided that when R1 = OH, X ≠ NHCH2 or SCH2] are inhibitors of squalene synthase, and hence useful in treating hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Possible antifungal use is also mentioned (no data). Processes for preparing I and pharmaceutical compositions containing them are also described. For example, coupling of 3-ethynyl-3-hydroxyquinuclidine with 2-(4-bromophenyl)pyridine (preparations given) using Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, CuI, and Et3N in DMF at 90°, gave title compound II. At 2.5 μM, II gave about 98% inhibition of squalene synthase in vitro; it also inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis in rats at an ED50 of 8 mg/kg (route unspecified). The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(4-Bromophenyl)pyrimidine(cas: 160377-42-4).Recommanded Product: 160377-42-4

The Article related to quinuclidine preparation squalene synthase inhibitor, antihypercholesterolemic quinuclidine preparation, antiatherosclerotic quinuclidine preparation, Heterocyclic Compounds (One Hetero Atom): Pyridines and other aspects.Recommanded Product: 160377-42-4

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Vaz, C. S. L.; Voss-Rech, D.; Pozza, J. S.; Coldebella, A.; Silva, V. S. published an article in 2014, the title of the article was Isolation of Campylobacter from Brazilian broiler flocks using different culturing procedures.Application In Synthesis of 5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 2-hydroxypropanoate And the article contains the following content:

Conventional culturing methods enable the detection of Campylobacter in broiler flocks. However, laboratory culture of Campylobacter is laborious because of its fastidious behavior and the presence of competing nontarget bacteria. This study evaluated different protocols to isolate Campylobacter from broiler litter, feces, and cloacal and drag swabs. Samples taken from com. Brazilian broiler flocks were directly streaked onto Preston agar (PA), Campy-Line agar (CLA), and modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) and also enriched in blood-free Bolton broth (bfBB) for 24 and 48 h followed by plating onto the different selective media. Higher numbers of Campylobacter-pos. cloacal and drag swab samples were observed using either direct plating or enrichment for 24 h before plating onto PA, compared with enrichment for 48 h (P < 0.05). Furthermore, direct plating was a more sensitive method to detect Campylobacter in broiler litter and feces samples. Anal. of directly plated samples revealed that higher Campylobacter levels were detected in feces streaked onto PA (88.8%), cloacal swabs plated onto mCCDA (72.2%), drag swabs streaked onto CLA or mCCDA (69.4%), and litter samples inoculated onto PA (63.8%). Preston agar was the best agar to isolate Campylobacter from directly plated litter samples (P < 0.05), but there was no difference in the efficacies of PA, mCCDA, and CLA in detecting Campylobacter in other samples. The isolated Campylobacter strains were phenotypically identified as Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli. The predominant contaminant observed in the Campylobacter cultures was Proteus mirabilis, which was resistant to the majority of antimicrobial agents in selective media. Together, these data showed that direct plating onto PA and onto either CLA or mCCDA as the second selective agar enabled the reliable isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter species from broiler samples. Finally, Campylobacter was detected in all broiler flocks sampled. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 2-hydroxypropanoate(cas: 23256-42-0).Application In Synthesis of 5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 2-hydroxypropanoate

The Article related to campylobacter broiler litter feces cloacal drag swab brazil, campylobacter coli, campylobacter jejuni, proteus mirabilis, food safety, selective culture, Food and Feed Chemistry: Contaminants and Toxicants and other aspects.Application In Synthesis of 5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 2-hydroxypropanoate

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On December 31, 2019, Yakovlev, Igor A.; Gackowski, Daniel; Abakir, Abdulkadir; Viejo, Marcos; Ruzov, Alexey; Olinski, Ryszard; Starczak, Marta; Fossdal, Carl Gunnar; Krutovsky, Konstantin V. published an article.Electric Literature of 4433-40-3 The title of the article was Mass spectrometry reveals the presence of specific set of epigenetic DNA modifications in the Norway spruce genome. And the article contained the following:

5-Methylcytosine (5mC) is an epigenetic modification involved in regulation of gene expression in metazoans and plants. Iron-(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases can oxidize 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Although these oxidized forms of 5mC may serve as demethylation intermediates or contribute to transcriptional regulation in animals and fungi, exptl. evidence for their presence in plant genomes is ambiguous. Here, employing reversed-phase HPLC coupled with sensitive mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that, unlike 5caC, both 5hmC and 5fC are detectable in non-negligible quantities in the DNA of a conifer, Norway spruce. Remarkably, whereas 5hmC content of spruce DNA is approx. 100-fold lower relative to human colorectal carcinoma cells, the levels of both – 5fC and a thymine base modification, 5-hydroxymethyluracil, are comparable in these systems. We confirmed the presence of modified DNA bases by immunohistochem. in Norway spruce buds based on peroxidase-conjugated antibodies and tyramide signal amplification. Our results reveal the presence of specific range of noncanonical DNA bases in conifer genomes implying potential roles for these modifications in plant development and homeostasis. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).Electric Literature of 4433-40-3

The Article related to picea epigenetic dna modification genome mass spectrometry, Plant Biochemistry: Classical Genetics and Phylogeny and other aspects.Electric Literature of 4433-40-3

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Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On July 31, 2021, Nakazato, Issei; Okuno, Miki; Yamamoto, Hiroshi; Tamura, Yoshiko; Itoh, Takehiko; Shikanai, Toshiharu; Takanashi, Hideki; Tsutsumi, Nobuhiro; Arimura, Shin-ichi published an article.Application of 65-71-4 The title of the article was Targeted base editing in the plastid genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. And the article contained the following:

Bacterial cytidine deaminase fused to the DNA binding domains of transcription activator-like effector nucleases was recently reported to transiently substitute a targeted C to a T in mitochondrial DNA of mammalian cultured cells1. We applied this system to targeted base editing in the Arabidopsis thaliana plastid genome. The targeted Cs were homoplasmically substituted to Ts in some plantlets of the T1 generation and the mutations were inherited by their offspring independently of their nuclear-introduced vectors. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 65-71-4).Application of 65-71-4

The Article related to arabidopsis plastid genome base editing, Biochemical Genetics: Genetic Engineering and Cloning and other aspects.Application of 65-71-4

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Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On January 25, 2018, Da, Lin-Tai; Shi, Yi; Ning, Guodong; Yu, Jin published an article.Recommanded Product: 4433-40-3 The title of the article was Dynamics of the excised base release in thymine DNA glycosylase during DNA repair process. And the article contained the following:

Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) initiates base excision repair by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond between the sugar and target base. After catalysis, the release of excised base is a requisite step to terminate the catalytic cycle and liberate the TDG for the following enzymic reactions. However, an atomistic-level understanding of the dynamics of the product release process in TDG remains unknown. Here, by employing mol. dynamics simulations combined with the Markov State Model, we reveal the dynamics of the thymine release after the excision at microseconds timescale and all-atom resolution We identify several key metastable states of the thymine and its dominant releasing pathway. Notably, after replacing the TDG residue Gly142 with tyrosine, the thymine release is delayed compared to the wild-type (wt) TDG, as supported by our potential of mean force (PMF) calculations These findings warrant further exptl. tests to potentially trap the excised base in the active site of TDG after the catalysis, which had been unsuccessful by previous attempts. Finally, we extended our studies to other TDG products, including the uracil, 5hmU, 5fC and 5caC bases in order to compare the product release for different targeting bases in the TDG-DNA complex. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).Recommanded Product: 4433-40-3

The Article related to mol dynamics base repair tgd gene dna repair complex, Biochemical Genetics: Gene Structure and Organization and other aspects.Recommanded Product: 4433-40-3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Dvorakova, Zuzana; Renciuk, Daniel; Kejnovska, Iva; kolakova, Petra; Bednarova, Klara; Sagi, Janos; Vorlickova, Michaela published an article in 2018, the title of the article was I-motif of cytosine-rich human telomere DNA fragments containing natural base lesions.COA of Formula: C5H6N2O3 And the article contains the following content:

I-Motif (iM) is a four stranded DNA structure formed by cytosine-rich sequences, which are often present in functionally important parts of the genome such as promoters of genes and telomeres. Using electronic CD and UV absorption spectroscopies and electrophoretic methods, we examined the effect of four naturally occurring DNA base lesions on the folding and stability of the iM formed by the human telomere DNA sequence (C3TAA)3C3T. The results demonstrate that the TAA loop lesions, the apurinic site and 8-oxoadenine substituting for adenine, and the 5-hydroxymethyluracil substituting for thymine only marginally disturb the formation of iM. The presence of uracil, which is formed by enzymic or spontaneous deamination of cytosine, shifts iM formation towards substantially more acidic pH values and simultaneously distinctly reduces iM stability. This effect depends on the position of the damage sites in the sequence. The results have enabled us to formulate addnl. rules for iM formation. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).COA of Formula: C5H6N2O3

The Article related to i motif human telomere dna base pairing lesion substitution, Biochemical Genetics: Gene Structure and Organization and other aspects.COA of Formula: C5H6N2O3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia