Pyrimidines

Fate of antibiotics in engineered wastewater systems and receiving water environment: A case study on the coast of Hangzhou Bay, China was written by Bao, Yingyu;Li, Feifei;Chen, Lyujun;Mu, Qinglin;Huang, Bei;Wen, Donghui. And the article was included in Science of the Total Environment in 2021.Synthetic Route of C11H12N4O3S This article mentions the following:

The occurrence of man-made antibiotics in natural environment has aroused attentions from both scientists and publics. However, few studies tracked antibiotics from their production site to the end of disposal environment. Taking the coastal region of Hangzhou Bay as the study area, the fate of 77 antibiotics from 6 categories in two-step wastewater treatment plants (WTPs, i.e. pharmaceutical WTP and integrated WTP) was focused; and the antibiotics in both dissolved and adsorbed phases were investigated simultaneously in this study. The ubiquitous occurrence of antibiotics was observed in the two-step WTPs, with antibiotic concentrations following the order of PWTP (LOQ – 1.0 x 105 ng·L-1) > IWTPi (for industrial wastewater treatment, LOQ – 3.7 x 103 ng·L-1) > IWTPd (for domestic sewage treatment, LOQ – 1.3 x 103 ng·L-1). And the types of antibiotics detected in excess sludge and suspended particles were in accordance with those in wastewater. Quinolones were invariably dominant in both dissolved and adsorbed fractions. High removal efficiencies (median values >50.0%) were acquired for the dissolved quinolones (except for DFX), tetracyclines, β-lactams, and lincosamides. Anaerobic/anoxic/oxic achieved the highest aqueous removal of antibiotics among the investigated treatment technologies in the three WTPs. PWTP and IWTP removed 9797 and 487 g·d-1 of antibiotics, resp.; and a final effluent with 126.4 g·d-1 of antibiotics was discharged into the effluent-receiving area (ERA) of Hangzhou Bay. Source apportionment anal. demonstrated that the effluents of IWTPd and IWTPd contributed resp. 39.3% and 8.9% to the total antibiotics in the ERA. The results illustrate quant. the antibiotic flows from engineered wastewater systems to natural water environment, on the basis of which the improvements of wastewater treatment technologies and discharge management would be put forward. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3Synthetic Route of C11H12N4O3S).

4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidines are isomeric with two other forms of diazines: pyridazine, with the nitrogen atoms in the 1 and 2 positions; and pyrazine, with the nitrogen atoms in the 1 and 4 positions. Pyrimidine derivatives also play an important role in drug development, either in concert with other compounds or on their own.Synthetic Route of C11H12N4O3S

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Discovery of dual Axl/VEGF-R2 inhibitors as potential anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic drugs for cancer chemotherapy was written by Goff, Dane;Zhang, Jing;Heckrodt, Thilo;Yu, Jiaxin;Ding, Pingyu;Singh, Raj;Holland, Sacha;Li, Weiqun;Irving, Mark. And the article was included in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters in 2017.Reference of 35265-83-9 This article mentions the following:

Axl tyrosine kinase has been shown to be involved in multiple pathways contributing to tumor development, angiogenesis, and metastasis. High Axl expression has been observed in many human tumors where it appears to confer aggressive tumor behavior. Here we present several series of dual Axl-VEGF-R2 kinase inhibitors based on extensive optimization of an acyl diaminotriazole. It was hypothesized that dual inhibition of these two receptor tyrosine kinases may have a synergistic affect in inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. One of these mols., R916562 showed comparable activity to Sunitinib in two mouse tumor xenograft models and a mouse corneal micropocket model. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,4-Dichloro-7-methylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine (cas: 35265-83-9Reference of 35265-83-9).

2,4-Dichloro-7-methylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine (cas: 35265-83-9) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Heterocyclic compounds bearing the pyrimidine core are of tremendous interest as they constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds exhibiting diverse useful biological activities that hold attractive potential for clinical translation as therapeutic agents in alleviation of a myriad of diseases. Pyrimidine derivatives have been used in a wide variety of pharmaceuticals including general anesthetics, anti-epilepsy medication, anti-malaria medication, drugs for treating high blood pressure, and HIV medication.Reference of 35265-83-9

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Exposure to antibiotics and precocious puberty in children: A school-based cross-sectional study in China was written by Hu, Yabin;Li, Juan;Yuan, Tao;Yu, Tingting;Chen, Yao;Kong, Huijun;Lin, Cuilan;Shen, Zhemin;Tian, Ying;Tong, Shilu;Yu, Xiaodan;Liu, Shijian. And the article was included in Environmental Research in 2022.Reference of 1220-83-3 This article mentions the following:

Foods and water can be contaminated with antibiotics in China, which may affect children′s health, but evidence on antibiotic exposure with precocious puberty (PP) is limited. This study explored the association of antibiotic exposure with PP in a school-based setting. A cross-sectional study with multistage stratified cluster random sampling was conducted in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province and Qufu City, Shandong Province in China from Oct. 11 to Dec. 5, 2019. A first-morning urine sample was collected to detect antibiotic exposure. We detected 33 of 45 types of antibiotics from eight categories in 928 primary school children aged 6-12 years using HPLS-MS/MS. Detection rate of antibiotics was stratified by sex, study site, and BMI. The Tanner stages were assessed by professional pediatricians from local hospitals. PP is defined as the onset of secondary characters before 8-yr-old or menarche before 10-yr-old for girls and before 9-yr-old for boys. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine the association between antibiotic exposure and PP after adjusting potential confounders. The overall detection rate of antibiotics was 93.0% in 928 children. We found the detection rate of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones in children with PP was significantly higher than that of children with normal puberty (41.4% vs 29.9%, 56.8% vs 50.6%, resp., all p < 0.05). Both fluoroquinolones (odds ratio (OR): 1.835, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.066-3.158) and tetracyclines (OR: 2.120, 95% CI: 1.175-3.825) were associated with increased OR of PP after adjusting sex, age, BMI, study site, and family income. Specifically, compared to the values less than the limits of detection, low concentration of ofloxacin from fluoroquinolones (OR: 2.056, 95% CI: 1.091-3.875) and high concentration of chlortetracycline (OR: 3.027, 95% CI: 1.126-8.140) and tetracycline from tetracyclines (OR: 2.756, 95% CI: 1.167-6.506) were associated with increased OR of PP. Exposure to antibiotics, especially fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines was pos. associated with precocious puberty. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3Reference of 1220-83-3).

4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Therapy for fungal infections is based mainly on four classes of antifungals: azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, and pyrimidine analogs.Reference of 1220-83-3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Synthesis, antioxidant, and antiviral properties of pyrimidinylsulfamoyl azolyl acetamides was written by Divya, Kuppi Reddy Gari;Sowmya, Donthamsetty V.;Durgamma, Suram;Tharanath, Vadlamudi;Gopal, Divi Venkataramana Sai;Kumar, Malaka Venkateshwarulu Jyothi;Appa Rao, Chippada;Padmaja, Adivireddy;Padmavathi, Venkatapuram. And the article was included in Medicinal Chemistry Research in 2017.Recommanded Product: 40230-24-8 This article mentions the following:

A new class of pyrimidinylsulfamoyl azolyl acetamides was prepared from 2-pyrimidinylsulfamoyl acetic acid and 2-aminoazoles. The methoxy substituted pyrimidinylsulfamoyl oxazolyl acetamide (8e) displayed moderate antioxidant activity. The Me and methoxy substituted pyrimidinylsulfamoyl oxazolyl acetamides (8b, 8e) exhibited antiviral activity on BHK 21 cell lines with IC₅₀ 63.5, 44.5 μg/mL, resp. The compound 8e inhibited cytopathic changes induced by Blue Tongue Virus in cell lines. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8Recommanded Product: 40230-24-8).

4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. For example, the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin is a pyrimidine derivative. It is found in a number of species including the Japanese puffer fish, the blue-ringed octopus, and the orange-bellied newt. Tetrodotoxin prevents the transmission of nerve signals and can result in paralysis and death.Recommanded Product: 40230-24-8

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Studies on 5H-pyrimidothiazines. Part I. Synthesis of 6- and 7-carboxyalkyl derivatives of 5H-pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]thiazine was written by Duro, F.;Santagati, N. A.;Scapini, G.. And the article was included in Farmaco, Edizione Scientifica in 1978.Formula: C4H5N3O This article mentions the following:

Primidothiazines I (R = H, R¹ = CO₂Me; R = Me, Ph, R¹ = CO₂Et; R = CO₂Et, R¹ = H) were obtained by treating 4-mercapto-5-aminopyrimidine (II) with HCOCHClCO₂Me, AcCHClCO₂Et, BzCHClCO₂Et, or BrCH₂COCO₂Et resp. I (R = CO₂Et, R¹ = H) was hydrolyzed to the acid. Reaction of I (R = Ph, R¹ = CO₂Et) with N₂H₄ gave the pyrazolone III, which was cleaved by N₂H₄ to II and 3-phenyl-3-pyrazoline-5-one. Reaction of II with BzCHClCO₂Et in the presence of NaOMe gave the ester IV, which was hydrolyzed to the acid and cyclized by HOAc to 5H-pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]thiazin-6(7H)-one. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Aminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one (cas: 69785-94-0Formula: C4H5N3O).

5-Aminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one (cas: 69785-94-0) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. Pyrimidine derivatives also play an important role in drug development, either in concert with other compounds or on their own.Formula: C4H5N3O

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Transformations of substituted 5-aminopyrimidines under conditions of diazotization was written by Nemeryuk, Michal P.;Sedov, Andrej L.;Safonova, Tamara S.;Cerny, Antonin;Krepelka, Jiri. And the article was included in Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications in 1986.Computed Properties of C4H5N3O This article mentions the following:

Diazotization of aminopyrimidines I (R = H; R¹ = SMe, SCH₂Ph, OMe, H, OH; R² = OMe, Cl, OH, etc.) gave triazoles II (R³ = CO₂Me, COSMe, COSCH₂Ph, CONH₂, etc.). Under similar conditions diaminopyrimidines I [R = NH₂, R¹ = SCH₂C₆H₄R⁴-4 (R⁴ = NO₂, CO₂Et, CONHCHMe₂, H), R² = Me] gave pyrimidotriazine N-oxides III. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Aminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one (cas: 69785-94-0Computed Properties of C4H5N3O).

5-Aminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one (cas: 69785-94-0) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives. For example, the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin is a pyrimidine derivative. It is found in a number of species including the Japanese puffer fish, the blue-ringed octopus, and the orange-bellied newt. Tetrodotoxin prevents the transmission of nerve signals and can result in paralysis and death.Computed Properties of C4H5N3O

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Synthesis and biological activity of some 2-amino-4,6-substituted-diarylpyrimidines. Reaction of substituted chalcones with guanidinium carbonate was written by Sharma, Vandana;Sharma, K. V.. And the article was included in Rasayan Journal of Chemistry in 2011.Recommanded Product: 40230-24-8 This article mentions the following:

A series of substituted 2-Amino-4,6-diarylpyrimidines were synthesized by the reaction of appropriately substituted chalcones and guanidinium carbonate in DMF. The synthesized pyrimidines were characterized on the basis of their chem. properties and spectroscopic data. These compounds were screened for biol. activity against a variety of test organisms. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8Recommanded Product: 40230-24-8).

4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. A Cu-catalyzed and 4-HO-TEMPO-mediated [3 + 3] annulation of commercially available amidines with saturated ketones enables an efficient and facile synthesis of structurally important pyrimidines via a cascade reaction of oxidative dehydrogenation/annulation/oxidative aromatization.Recommanded Product: 40230-24-8

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The tautomeric equilibria of thio analogs of nucleic acid bases. Part 1. 2-Thiouracil: background, preparation of model compounds, and gas-phase proton affinities was written by Katritzky, Alan R.;Baykut, Gokhan;Rachwal, Stanislaw;Szafran, Miroslaw;Caster, Kenneth C.;Eyler, John. And the article was included in Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2: Physical Organic Chemistry (1972-1999) in 1989.Formula: C5H5ClN2O This article mentions the following:

The preparation is reported of all four of the monoalkyl derivatives of 2-thiouracil and of four of the six possible dialkyl derivatives required as models for a study of the tautomeric equilibrium by phys. methods. Gas-phase proton affinities are determined using ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, and are used to provide quant. estimates of individual tautomer stabilities in the vapor state. These quant. results agree well with qual. deductions of predominant structures for the monoalkyl derivatives from IR spectroscopy. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Chloro-2-methoxypyrimidine (cas: 51421-99-9Formula: C5H5ClN2O).

4-Chloro-2-methoxypyrimidine (cas: 51421-99-9) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives. Therapy for fungal infections is based mainly on four classes of antifungals: azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, and pyrimidine analogs.Formula: C5H5ClN2O

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

A Facile Microwave-Assisted “One-Pot” Synthesis of Piperazino Pyrimidinyl Acetamides, a Class of Hybrid Bis Heterocycles and Their Structural Elucidation Using NMR Spectral Techniques was written by Kanagarajan, V.;How, Ghee Ang;Siu, Choon Ng;Gopalakrishnan, M.. And the article was included in Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry in 2013.Safety of 4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine This article mentions the following:

An array of novel piperazino pyrimidinyl acetamides, a class of hybrid bis heterocycles are synthesized in “one-pot” by microwave irradiation method catalyzed by heterogeneous NaHSO₄.SiO₂ catalyst in dry media and are characterized by m.p., elemental anal., MS, FT-IR, one-dimensional NMR (¹H and ¹³C) and two-dimensional ¹H-¹H COSY and ¹H-¹³C HSQC spectral data. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8Safety of 4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine).

4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine (cas: 40230-24-8) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. A Cu-catalyzed and 4-HO-TEMPO-mediated [3 + 3] annulation of commercially available amidines with saturated ketones enables an efficient and facile synthesis of structurally important pyrimidines via a cascade reaction of oxidative dehydrogenation/annulation/oxidative aromatization.Safety of 4,6-Diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Spatiotemporal variations and source tracking of antibiotics in an ecological aquaculture farm in Southern China was written by Su, Haochang;Xu, Wujie;Hu, Xiaojuan;Xu, Yu;Wen, Guoliang;Cao, Yucheng. And the article was included in Science of the Total Environment in 2021.Category: pyrimidines This article mentions the following:

Although the occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in aquatic environments and reared organisms have been widely reported, the spatiotemporal variations and sources of antibiotics throughout the rearing period of aquaculture remain unclear. In this study, the concentrations and spatiotemporal variations of antibiotics in water sources, pond water, sediment, feed, and reared shrimp samples during three rearing periods in an ecol. shrimp farm in Southern China were investigated. The water, sediment, and feed samples were found to contain twelve, nine, and four types of antibiotics, resp., and the concentration of erythromycin-H2O was the highest among these antibiotics. No target antibiotics were detected in the reared shrimp samples from this typical shrimp farm, which employed ecol. rearing with no antibiotic use throughout the rearing processes. The total concentrations of antibiotics in water source were 1.96-40.58 times higher than those in pond water. A significant decrease in the total antibiotic concentrations of the pond water was observed, while a significant increase was observed in sediment during each rearing period (p < 0.05), suggesting that antibiotics transferred from the water phase to the sediment phase in the farm. Redundancy anal. demonstrated that the COD was neg. correlated with the concentration of the target antibiotics in the water samples during three rearing periods (p < 0.05). The results of calculations conducted using the concentrations of antibiotics in the water source, pond water, sediment, and feed samples detected in this study indicated that the water source was likely to be the main source of antibiotics in the rearing ponds. This study can provide a better understanding of the spatiotemporal variations and sources of antibiotics in aquaculture. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3Category: pyrimidines).

4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The pyrimidine derivatives can easily interact with enzymes, genetic materials, and bio components within the cell. Pyrimidine derivatives also play an important role in drug development, either in concert with other compounds or on their own.Category: pyrimidines

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia