Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. One of the three diazines (six-membered heterocyclics with two nitrogen atoms in the ring), it has the nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 in the ring. 65-86-1, formula is C5H4N2O4, Name is 2,6-Dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid. The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives, including the nucleotides cytosine, thymine and uracil, thiamine (vitamin B1) and alloxan. Category: pyrimidines.
Li, Lanlan;Liu, Zhe;Quan, Jinqiang;Lu, Junhao;Zhao, Guiyan;Sun, Jun research published 《 Metabonomics analysis reveals the protective effect of nano-selenium against heat stress of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)》, the research content is summarized as follows. Nano-selenium (nano-Se) shows high biol. activity and low toxicity, and has emerged as an ideal antioxidant. Our goal was to determine the underlying mechanism of nano-Se-mediated heat stress tolerance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Using liquid chromatog.-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics, histomorphol., and conventional biochem. assays, we investigated the physiol. responses of heat-stressed rainbow trout to nano-Se. Fish were fed to two levels nano-Se at 18 °C for 9 days: CG18 (0 mg/kg) and Se18 (5 mg/kg). The water temperature of all groups was increased to 24 °C and maintained for 8 h (CG24, Se24). The results showed that most glycerophospholipids and CoA levels were decreased in CG18-CG24, and pathway enrichment anal. showed that it mainly interfered with glycerophospholipids and fatty acid metabolism Meanwhile, hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O staining showed significant damage to CG18-CG24, which was ameliorated by Se18-Se24. The results combining anal. of antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins further support the notion that nano-Se supplementation inhibited galactose metabolism and activated the glutamate-glutamine metabolic pathway as the key metabolic strategy against heat stress. These results could establish heat stress defense strategies and increase our understanding of the mechanism of nutrient participation in fish′s response to adverse environments. Global warming is affecting the distribution and survival of cold-water fish worldwide, through seasonal water temperature increases and an increase in the frequency of extreme heat wave events. Surprisingly, Nano-selenium (Nano-Se) with its outstanding advantages of high biol. activity and low toxicity, making it a good Se nutrient supplement and free radical scavenger, and also an ideal and ecol. way to supplement Se. How to utilize the metabolome to better address the complexity of the interactions that may occur with Nano-Se during the process of heat stress resistance is an important challenge. In the present study, this is the first publicly available metabonomics study of the anti-heat stress effect of Nano-Se as a nutrient on rainbow trout liver. These data indicated that Nano-Se effectively alleviated stress damage in rainbow trout, in which heat stress interfered with the metabolism of glycerophospholipids and fatty acids significantly, causing liver cell membrane damage and lipid metabolism disorders in rainbow trout. Meanwhile, supplementation of Nano-Se downregulated galactose metabolism and activated glutamate and glutamine metabolic pathways, which seems to be a key metabolic strategy to combat heat stress. The results provide a scientific basis for the development of an anti-heat-stress feed for rainbow trout that help maintain their health, productivity and welfare under unfavorable heat conditions.
Category: pyrimidines, Orotic acid anhydrous is a hydrogen bonding interaction that can be found in biological systems. It plays a role in the physiological effects of orotic acid, which is a metabolite of uridine and an intermediate in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Orotic acid has antimicrobial properties and has been shown to inhibit enzyme activities involved in energy metabolism, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase. Orotic acid also inhibits the growth of bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Orotic acid anhydrous is used for treating myocardial infarcts or brain functions. The untreated group was given no treatment at all.
Orotic acid, also known as orotate or orotsaeure, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidinecarboxylic acids. These are pyrimidines with a structure containing a carboxyl group attached to the pyrimidine ring. Orotic acid exists as a solid, slightly soluble (in water), and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Orotic acid has been found in human liver and pancreas tissues, and has also been primarily detected in saliva, feces, urine, and blood. Within the cell, orotic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Orotic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Orotic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, Orotic acid can be biosynthesized from L-dihydroorotic acid and quinone; which is mediated by the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), mitochondrial. In addition, Orotic acid and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be converted into orotidylic acid through its interaction with the enzyme uridine monophosphate synthetase isoform a. In humans, orotic acid is involved in the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. Orotic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the mngie (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy) pathway, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria), and Beta ureidopropionase deficiency. Outside of the human body, orotic acid can be found in a number of food items such as green vegetables, alaska blueberry, chickpea, and colorado pinyon. This makes orotic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Orotic acid is a potentially toxic compound. Orotic acid has been found to be associated with several diseases known as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency 1, cytosolic and hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria; orotic acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including n-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency, lysinuric protein intolerance, and ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
Orotic acid appears as white crystals or crystalline powder.
Orotic acid is a pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6. It has a role as a metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It derives from a uracil. It is a conjugate acid of an orotate., 65-86-1.
Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia