Category: pyrimidines

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base similar to benzene (a six-membered ring) and includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil as bases used for DNA or RNA. 2927-71-1, formula is C4HCl2FN2, Name is 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. SDS of cas: 2927-71-1.

Kamada, Yusuke;Sakai, Nozomu;Sogabe, Satoshi;Ida, Koh;Oki, Hideyuki;Sakamoto, Kotaro;Lane, Weston;Snell, Gyorgy;Iida, Motoo;Imaeda, Yasuhiro;Sakamoto, Junichi;Matsui, Junji research published ã€?Discovery of a B-Cell Lymphoma 6 Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitor by a Biophysics-Driven Fragment-Based Approachã€? the research content is summarized as follows. B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a transcriptional factor that expresses in lymphocytes and regulates the differentiation and proliferation of lymphocytes. Therefore, BCL6 is a therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases and cancer treatment. This report presents the discovery of BCL6-corepressor interaction inhibitors by using a biophysics-driven fragment-based approach. Using the surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based fragment screening, we successfully identified fragment 1 (SPR K_D = 1200 μM, ligand efficiency (LE) = 0.28), a competitive binder to the natural ligand BCoR peptide. Moreover, we elaborated 1 into the more potent compound 7 (SPR K_D = 0.078 μM, LE = 0.37, cell-free protein-protein interaction (PPI) IC₅₀ = 0.48 μM (ELISA), cellular PPI IC₅₀ = 8.6 μM (M2H)) by a structure-based design and structural integration with a second high-throughput screening hit.

2927-71-1, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4HCl2FN2 and its molecular weight is 166.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is an aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to inhibit the growth of mouse tumor cells in vitro. It also inhibits the production of amines by reacting with industrial chemicals and sodium carbonate. This compound has potent inhibitory activity against autoimmune diseases and cytotoxic potency on mcf-7 cells. Furthermore, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine has been shown to have a chlorinating effect on cancer cells., SDS of cas: 2927-71-1

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The nomenclature of pyrimidines is straightforward. However, like other heterocyclics, tautomeric hydroxyl groups yield complications since they exist primarily in the cyclic amide form. 4595-59-9, formula is C4H3BrN2, Name is 5-Bromopyrimidine. For example, 2-hydroxypyrimidine is more properly named 2-pyrimidone. A partial list of trivial names of various pyrimidines exists. Application of C4H3BrN2.

Kang, Jun-Chen;Li, Zi-Hao;Chen, Chao;Dong, Li-Kun;Zhang, Shu-Yu research published �Paired Electrolysis Enabled Ni-Catalyzed Unconventional Cascade Reductive Thiolation Using Sulfinates� the research content is summarized as follows. Herein, authors have reported a nickel-catalyzed cascade reductive thiolation of aryl halides with sulfinates driven by paired electrolysis. This protocol uses sulfinates as the sulfur source, and various thioethers could be synthesized under mild conditions. By mechanism exploration, authors find that a cascade chem. step is allowed on the electrode interface and could alter the reaction pathway in paired electrolysis, whose findings could help the discovery of novel cascade reactions with unique reactivity.

Application of C4H3BrN2, 5-Bromopyrimidine is a reactive intermediate that is used in the synthesis of 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid. 5-Bromopyrimidine has been shown to be nucleophilic, reacting with β-amino acids under basic conditions to form the corresponding 2-bromo amide. It also undergoes cross-coupling reactions with halides and can be used as a building block for other organic compounds. 5-Bromopyrimidine has optical properties that are characteristic of aromatic molecules, including strong absorption bands in the ultraviolet region and visible light region.
5-Bromopyrimidine undergoes direct metallation with lithuium diisopropylamide to yield 4-lithio-5-bromopyrimidine., 4595-59-9.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The systematic study of pyrimidines began in 1884 with Pinner, who synthesized derivatives by condensing ethyl acetoacetate with amidines. Pinner first proposed the name “pyrimidinâ€?in 1885. 4595-59-9, formula is C4H3BrN2, Name is 5-Bromopyrimidine. The parent compound was first prepared by Gabriel and Colman in 1900, by conversion of barbituric acid to 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine followed by reduction using zinc dust in hot water. Reference of 4595-59-9.

Kang, Kai;Loud, Nathan L.;DiBenedetto, Tarah A.;Weix, Daniel J. research published ã€?A General, Multimetallic Cross-Ullmann Biheteroaryl Synthesis from Heteroaryl Halides and Heteroaryl Triflatesã€? the research content is summarized as follows. A new, general approach to biheteroaryls: the Ni- and Pd-catalyzed multimetallic cross-Ullmann coupling of heteroaryl halides with triflates. An array of 5-membered, 6-membered and fused heteroaryl bromides and chlorides, as well as aryl triflates derived from heterocyclic phenols proved to be viable substrates in this reaction (62 examples, 63 ± 17% average yield). The generality of this approach to biheteroaryls were further demonstrated in 96-well plate format at 10μmol scale. An array of 96 possible products provided >90% hit rate under a single set of conditions. Further, low-yielding combinations was rapidly optimized with a single “Toolbox Plate” of ligands, additives and reductants.

4595-59-9, 5-Bromopyrimidine is a reactive intermediate that is used in the synthesis of 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid. 5-Bromopyrimidine has been shown to be nucleophilic, reacting with β-amino acids under basic conditions to form the corresponding 2-bromo amide. It also undergoes cross-coupling reactions with halides and can be used as a building block for other organic compounds. 5-Bromopyrimidine has optical properties that are characteristic of aromatic molecules, including strong absorption bands in the ultraviolet region and visible light region.
5-Bromopyrimidine undergoes direct metallation with lithuium diisopropylamide to yield 4-lithio-5-bromopyrimidine., Reference of 4595-59-9

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base similar to benzene (a six-membered ring) and includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil as bases used for DNA or RNA. 109-12-6, formula is C4H5N3, Name is Pyrimidin-2-amine. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Quality Control of 109-12-6.

Karatas, Hacer;Akbarzadeh, Mohammad;Adihou, Helene;Hahne, Gernot;Pobbati, Ajaybabu V.;Yihui Ng, Elizabeth;Gueret, Stephanie M.;Sievers, Sonja;Pahl, Axel;Metz, Malte;Zinken, Sarah;Doetsch, Lara;Nowak, Christine;Thavam, Sasikala;Friese, Alexandra;Kang, CongBao;Hong, Wanjin;Waldmann, Herbert research published ã€?Discovery of Covalent Inhibitors Targeting the Transcriptional Enhanced Associate Domain Central Pocketã€? the research content is summarized as follows. Transcriptional enhanced associate domain (TEAD) transcription factors together with coactivators and corepressors modulate the expression of genes that regulate fundamental processes, such as organogenesis and cell growth, and elevated TEAD activity is associated with tumorigenesis. Hence, novel modulators of TEAD and methods for their identification are in high demand. We describe the development of a new “thiol conjugation assay” for identification of novel small mols. that bind to the TEAD central pocket. The assay monitors prevention of covalent binding of a fluorescence turn-on probe to a cysteine in the central pocket by small mols. Screening of a collection of compounds revealed kojic acid analogs as TEAD inhibitors, which covalently target the cysteine in the central pocket, block the interaction with coactivator yes-associated protein with nanomolar apparent IC₅₀ values, and reduce TEAD target gene expression. This methodol. promises to enable new medicinal chem. programs aimed at the modulation of TEAD activity.

109-12-6, 2-Aminopyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4H5N3 and its molecular weight is 95.1 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2-Aminopyrimidine is an organic compound that belongs to the group of pyridines. It has been shown to have antimicrobial, antitumor, and antiviral properties. 2-Aminopyrimidine has been used as a fungicide and herbicide in horticulture and agriculture, respectively. The molecular geometry of this molecule is octahedral with coordination geometry C2v. This chemical binds to the BCR-ABL kinase receptor and inhibits its activity by competitive inhibition of ATP binding. 2-Aminopyrimidine has been shown to have a hematologic response in vivo models and in vitro assays. It also has anti-inflammatory effects when it is taken orally or applied topically., Quality Control of 109-12-6

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The nomenclature of pyrimidines is straightforward. However, like other heterocyclics, tautomeric hydroxyl groups yield complications since they exist primarily in the cyclic amide form. 109-12-6, formula is C4H5N3, Name is Pyrimidin-2-amine. For example, 2-hydroxypyrimidine is more properly named 2-pyrimidone. A partial list of trivial names of various pyrimidines exists. Name: Pyrimidin-2-amine.

Kassab, Refaie M.;Gomha, Sobhi M.;Muhammad, Zeinab A.;El-khouly, Ahmed S. research published �Synthesis, Biological Profile, and Molecular Docking of Some New Bis- Imidazole Fused Templates and Investigation of their Cytotoxic Potential as Anti-tubercular and/or Anticancer Prototypes� the research content is summarized as follows. There is a great need to discover more drugs with antimycobacterial activities to fight lung cancer and tuberculosis (two of the deadliest diseases worldwide). To our knowledge, the present study is the first to report the antimycobacterial activity of imidazole-fused heterocycles. Construction of some bis-imidazole fused heterocycles with potential anti-tubercular and/or potent antitumor activities. A series of bis-imidazole fused derivatives 6-8 and 13-16 was constructed using bisphenacyl bromide derivative 2 as a synthetic platform. Compound 2 was also used to access bisquinoxaline 20, bis-benzothiazine derivatives 23, and bis-thiazolopyrimidine derivatives 26. The new bis-imidazole derivatives were evaluated for their anticancer activity against the lung carcinoma cell line (A-549) using Cisplatin as a reference drug. The new compounds were also screened for their anti-tubercular activity against M. tuberculosis (ATCC 25177) using Isoniazid as a reference drug. Among the new bis-imidazole derivatives, three examples showed remarkable antitumor activities while five other compounds showed high antimycobacterial activity. A novel series of bis-imidazole fused heterocycles was developed. Multiple prototypes of this new series showed remarkable anti-tubercular and/or potent antitumor activities.

Name: Pyrimidin-2-amine, 2-Aminopyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4H5N3 and its molecular weight is 95.1 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2-Aminopyrimidine is an organic compound that belongs to the group of pyridines. It has been shown to have antimicrobial, antitumor, and antiviral properties. 2-Aminopyrimidine has been used as a fungicide and herbicide in horticulture and agriculture, respectively. The molecular geometry of this molecule is octahedral with coordination geometry C2v. This chemical binds to the BCR-ABL kinase receptor and inhibits its activity by competitive inhibition of ATP binding. 2-Aminopyrimidine has been shown to have a hematologic response in vivo models and in vitro assays. It also has anti-inflammatory effects when it is taken orally or applied topically., 109-12-6.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. 1722-12-9, formula is C4H3ClN2, Name is 2-Chloropyrimidine. In nucleic acids, three types of nucleobases are pyrimidine derivatives: cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U). HPLC of Formula: 1722-12-9.

Kassel, Vincent M.;Hanneman, Christopher M.;Delaney, Connor P.;Denmark, Scott E. research published ã€?Heteroaryl-Heteroaryl Suzuki-Miyaura Anhydrous Cross-Coupling Reactions Enabled by Trimethyl Borateã€? the research content is summarized as follows. Reaction conditions have been developed for refractory heteroaryl-heteroaryl Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings. The reported method employs neopentyl heteroarylboronic esters as nucleophiles, heteroaryl bromides and chlorides as the electrophiles, and the soluble base potassium trimethylsilanolate (TMSOK) under anhydrous conditions. The addition of tri-Me borate enhances reaction rates by several mechanisms, including (1) solubilization of in situ-generated boronate complexes, (2) preventing catalyst poisoning by the heteroat. units, and (3) buffering the inhibitory effect of excess TMSOK. The use of this method enables cross-coupling of diverse reaction partners including a broad range of π-rich and π-deficient heteroaryl boronic esters and heteroaryl bromides. Reactions proceed in good yields and short reaction times (3 h or less).

HPLC of Formula: 1722-12-9, 2-Chloropyrimidine is a monochlorinated pyrimidine with plant growth regulating activity. Chloropyrimidine is a useful reagent in the preparation of antivirals and other biologically active compounds.
2-Chloropyrimidine undergoes cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction with aryl halides.
2-Chloropyrimidine is a molecule that can be synthesized by the oxidation of pyrimidine with hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid. The reaction proceeds through an electrochemical process in which the oxidation catalyst is a platinum electrode. This reaction is catalyzed by the nucleophilic attack of malonic acid on the chloropyrimidine at the methylene group. This efficient method for making 2-chloropyrimidine has been applied to synthesize aryl halides, including phenyl chloropyrimidine and pyridyl chloropyrimidine, from their corresponding chloride and bromide precursors. The fluorescence properties of 2-chloropyrimidine have been studied in coordination chemistry, where it forms complexes with metal ions such as Mn2+. In this study, it was found that adsorption mechanisms are dependent on molecular size, charge density, kinetic energy, and adsorbent surface area., 1722-12-9.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives, 1722-12-9, formula is C4H3ClN2, Name is 2-Chloropyrimidine. including the nucleotides cytosine, thymine and uracil, thiamine (vitamin B1) and alloxan. Computed Properties of 1722-12-9.

Huan, Xiang;Wang, Yanhui;Peng, Xiaofeng;Xie, Shanshan;He, Qian;Zhang, Xiaofei;Lan, Lefu;Yang, Chunhao research published ã€?Design, synthesis and biological evaluations of substituted pyrazoles as pyrrolomycin analogues against staphylococcal biofilmã€? the research content is summarized as follows. Designed and synthesized two series of substituted pyrazoles I [R = 4,5-di-F, 4-F,5-Cl, 4,5-di-Cl, 4-F,5-Me, 3,5-di-F; R¹ = CF³, CN] and II [R¹ = H, CF³, CN, COOH, CO₂Me, C(O)NH₂; R₂ = H, 5,7-di-Cl,8-MeO, 5,7-di-Cl,8-OH; X = O, S, SO₂] as pyrrolomycin analogs. Compounds I [R = 4-F,5-Cl, 4,5-di-Cl; R¹ = CF³, CtN] displayed potent antibacterial activity against various vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus fecalis (VRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and compound I [R = 4,5-di-Cl; R¹ = CF³] showed the most potent activity against MRSA (MIC = 0.0625μg/mL), vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) (MIC = 0.0313μg/mL). Further study indicated that compound I [R = 4,5-di-Cl; R¹ = CN] could significantly reduce the biofilm formation of MRSA and exhibited promising selectivity. In vitro liver microsomal stability was also evaluated and the results manifested that compound I [R = 4,5-di-Cl; R¹ = CN] was metabolically stable in human liver microsomes.

Computed Properties of 1722-12-9, 2-Chloropyrimidine is a monochlorinated pyrimidine with plant growth regulating activity. Chloropyrimidine is a useful reagent in the preparation of antivirals and other biologically active compounds.
2-Chloropyrimidine undergoes cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction with aryl halides.
2-Chloropyrimidine is a molecule that can be synthesized by the oxidation of pyrimidine with hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid. The reaction proceeds through an electrochemical process in which the oxidation catalyst is a platinum electrode. This reaction is catalyzed by the nucleophilic attack of malonic acid on the chloropyrimidine at the methylene group. This efficient method for making 2-chloropyrimidine has been applied to synthesize aryl halides, including phenyl chloropyrimidine and pyridyl chloropyrimidine, from their corresponding chloride and bromide precursors. The fluorescence properties of 2-chloropyrimidine have been studied in coordination chemistry, where it forms complexes with metal ions such as Mn2+. In this study, it was found that adsorption mechanisms are dependent on molecular size, charge density, kinetic energy, and adsorbent surface area., 1722-12-9.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The nomenclature of pyrimidines is straightforward. However, like other heterocyclics, tautomeric hydroxyl groups yield complications since they exist primarily in the cyclic amide form. 554-01-8, formula is C5H7N3O, Name is 4-Amino-5-methylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one. For example, 2-hydroxypyrimidine is more properly named 2-pyrimidone. A partial list of trivial names of various pyrimidines exists. HPLC of Formula: 554-01-8.

Huang, Bin;Wang, Jie;Han, Xiaobin;Gou, Jianyu;Pei, Zhouyang;Lu, Guangmei;Wang, Jing;Zhang, Chengsheng research published �The relationship between material transformation, microbial community and amino acids and alkaloid metabolites in the mushroom residue-prickly ash seed oil meal composting with biocontrol agent addition� the research content is summarized as follows. This study investigated the effects of adding biocontrol microbes on metabolites and pathogenic microorganisms during mushroom residue composting and the relationships of metabolite changes with microbes and material transformation. The results showed that the addition of Bacillus subtilis (BS) and Trichoderma harzianum (TH) with mushroom residue promoted the conversion of organic carbon and nitrogen. The abundance of pathogenic microbes was increased in biocontrol microbial treatments. BS or TH treatments increased the levels of amino acids, carbohydrates, and bacteriostatic alkaloid metabolites. Network anal. revealed that the main microorganisms significantly related to alkaloid metabolites were Rhabdanaerobium, Atopostipes, Planifilum and Ureibacillus. The increased bacterial abundance and decreased NO-3-N and TOC were closely related to the increases in amino acid and alkaloid metabolites after biocontrol agent treatments. Generally, adding biocontrol microbes is an effective way to increase the levels of antibacterial metabolites, but there is a risk of increasing the abundance of pathogenic microbes.

HPLC of Formula: 554-01-8, 5-Methylcytosine is a methylated form of the nucleobase cytosine occurring predominantly in cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands that are produced by DNA methyltransferases and may regulate gene expression. Like cytosine, the DNA sequence containing 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) is able to be replicated without error and 5-mC can pair with guanine in double stranded DNA. However, DNA sequences containing a high local concentration of 5-mC may be less transcriptionally active than areas with higher ratios of unmodified cytosine.
5-Methylcytosine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxypyrimidines. These are organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group attached to a pyrimidine ring. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. 5-Methylcytosine exists as a solid, slightly soluble (in water), and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, 5-methylcytosine is primarily located in the cytoplasm. 5-Methylcytosine can be biosynthesized from cytosine. Outside of the human body, 5-methylcytosine can be found in tea. This makes 5-methylcytosine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
5-methylcytosine is a pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a member of pyrimidines and a methylcytosine. It derives from a cytosine.
5-Methylcytosine is a nucleic acid that is found in the DNA and RNA of the cell. It is an important component of methylation, which is the process by which a methyl group is added to a molecule. This process can lead to cellular transformation, a process that can cause cancer. 5-Methylcytosine has also been shown as a molecular pathogenesis factor in infectious diseases such as HIV and herpes simplex virus type 1. The presence of 5-methylcytosine in nuclear DNA has been detected by analytical techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). There are many analytical methods, including GC/MS, that can be used to detect 5-methylcytosine in cellular nuclei., 554-01-8.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives, including the nucleotides cytosine, thymine and uracil, thiamine (vitamin B1) and alloxan. 1722-12-9, formula is C4H3ClN2, Name is 2-Chloropyrimidine. It is also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Safety of 2-Chloropyrimidine.

Huang, Chia-Yu;Li, Jianbin;Li, Chao-Jun research published ã€?A cross-dehydrogenative C(sp³)-H heteroarylation via photo-induced catalytic chlorine radical generationã€? the research content is summarized as follows. Here, a photo-induced and chem. oxidant-free cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) between alkanes and heteroarenes using catalytic chloride and cobalt catalyst were reported. Couplings of strong C(sp³)-H bond-containing substrates and complex heteroarenes was achieved with satisfactory yields. This dual catalytic platform features the in-situ engendered chlorine radical for alkyl radical generation and exploited the cobaloxime catalyst to enable the hydrogen evolution for catalytic turnover. The practical value of this protocol was demonstrated by the gram-scale synthesis of alkylated heteroarene with merely 3 equivalent alkane loading.

Safety of 2-Chloropyrimidine, 2-Chloropyrimidine is a monochlorinated pyrimidine with plant growth regulating activity. Chloropyrimidine is a useful reagent in the preparation of antivirals and other biologically active compounds.
2-Chloropyrimidine undergoes cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction with aryl halides.
2-Chloropyrimidine is a molecule that can be synthesized by the oxidation of pyrimidine with hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid. The reaction proceeds through an electrochemical process in which the oxidation catalyst is a platinum electrode. This reaction is catalyzed by the nucleophilic attack of malonic acid on the chloropyrimidine at the methylene group. This efficient method for making 2-chloropyrimidine has been applied to synthesize aryl halides, including phenyl chloropyrimidine and pyridyl chloropyrimidine, from their corresponding chloride and bromide precursors. The fluorescence properties of 2-chloropyrimidine have been studied in coordination chemistry, where it forms complexes with metal ions such as Mn2+. In this study, it was found that adsorption mechanisms are dependent on molecular size, charge density, kinetic energy, and adsorbent surface area., 1722-12-9.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. One of the three diazines (six-membered heterocyclics with two nitrogen atoms in the ring), it has the nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 in the ring. 554-01-8, formula is C5H7N3O, Name is 4-Amino-5-methylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one. The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives, including the nucleotides cytosine, thymine and uracil, thiamine (vitamin B1) and alloxan. Related Products of 554-01-8.

Huang, Jiliang;Ru, Gaizhen;Sun, Jiajia;Sun, Luying;Li, Zhiling research published ã€?Elevated RIF1 participates in the epigenetic abnormalities of zygotes by regulating histone modifications on MuERV-L in obese miceã€? the research content is summarized as follows. Maternal obesity impairs embryonic developmental potential and significantly increases the risks of metabolic disorders in offspring. However, the epigenetic transmission mechanism of maternal metabolic abnormalities is still poorly understood. We established an obesity model in female mice by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. The effects of the HFD on the developmental potential of oocytes and embryos, the metabolic phenotype, and epigenetic modifications were investigated. The efficacy of metformin administration was assessed. Finally, the regulatory pathway of epigenetic remodeling during zygotic genome activation (ZGA) was explored. Maternal HFD consumption significantly impaired glucose tolerance and increased the risk of metabolic disorders in F0 and F1 mice. Maternal HFD consumption also decreased embryonic developmental potential, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and γH2AX levels, and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) within oocytes, causing high levels of oxidative stress damage and DNA damage. Starting with this clue, we observed significantly increased RIF1 levels and shortened telomeres in obese mice. Moreover, significant abnormal DNA methylation and histone modification remodeling were observed during ZGA in obese mice, which may be coregulated by RIF1 and the ZGA marker gene MuERV-L. Metformin treatment reduced RIF1 levels, and partially improved ZGA activation status by rescuing epigenetic modification remodeling in oocytes and preimplantation embryos of obese mice. RIF1 knockdown experiments employing Trim-Away methods showed that RIF1 degradation altered the H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 enrichment and then triggered the MuERV-L transcriptional activation. Moreover, ChIP-seq data anal. of RIF1 knockouts also showed that RIF1 mediates the transcriptional regulation of MuERV-L by changing the enrichment of H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 rather than by altered DNA methylation. Elevated RIF1 in oocytes caused by maternal obesity may mediate abnormal embryonic epigenetic remodeling and increase metabolic risk in offspring by regulating histone modifications on MuERV-L, which can be partially rescued by metformin treatment.

Related Products of 554-01-8, 5-Methylcytosine is a methylated form of the nucleobase cytosine occurring predominantly in cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands that are produced by DNA methyltransferases and may regulate gene expression. Like cytosine, the DNA sequence containing 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) is able to be replicated without error and 5-mC can pair with guanine in double stranded DNA. However, DNA sequences containing a high local concentration of 5-mC may be less transcriptionally active than areas with higher ratios of unmodified cytosine.
5-Methylcytosine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxypyrimidines. These are organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group attached to a pyrimidine ring. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. 5-Methylcytosine exists as a solid, slightly soluble (in water), and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, 5-methylcytosine is primarily located in the cytoplasm. 5-Methylcytosine can be biosynthesized from cytosine. Outside of the human body, 5-methylcytosine can be found in tea. This makes 5-methylcytosine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
5-methylcytosine is a pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a member of pyrimidines and a methylcytosine. It derives from a cytosine.
5-Methylcytosine is a nucleic acid that is found in the DNA and RNA of the cell. It is an important component of methylation, which is the process by which a methyl group is added to a molecule. This process can lead to cellular transformation, a process that can cause cancer. 5-Methylcytosine has also been shown as a molecular pathogenesis factor in infectious diseases such as HIV and herpes simplex virus type 1. The presence of 5-methylcytosine in nuclear DNA has been detected by analytical techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). There are many analytical methods, including GC/MS, that can be used to detect 5-methylcytosine in cellular nuclei., 554-01-8.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia