Category: 4433-40-3

On March 31, 2016, Pelclova, Daniela; Zdimal, Vladimir; Kacer, Petr; Fenclova, Zdenka; Vlckova, Stepanka; Syslova, Kamila; Navratil, Tomas; Schwarz, Jaroslav; Zikova, Nadezda; Barosova, Hana; Turci, Francesco; Komarc, Martin; Pelcl, Tomas; Belacek, Jaroslav; Kukutschova, Jana; Zakharov, Sergey published an article.Safety of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione The title of the article was Oxidative stress markers are elevated in exhaled breath condensate of workers exposed to nanoparticles during iron oxide pigment production. And the article contained the following:

Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were analyzed in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and urine samples of 14 workers (mean age 43 ± 7 years) exposed to iron oxide aerosol for an average of 10 ± 4 years and 14 controls (mean age 39 ± 4 years) by liquid chromatog.-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) after solid-phase extraction Aerosol exposure in the workplace was measured by particle size spectrometers, a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS), and by aerosol concentration monitors, P-TRAK and DustTRAK DRX. Total aerosol concentrations in workplace locations varied greatly in both time and space. The median mass concentration was 0.083 mg m-3 (IQR 0.063-0.133 mg m-3) and the median particle concentration was 66 800 particles cm-3 (IQR 16 900-86 900 particles cm-3). In addition, more than 80% of particles were smaller than 100 nm in diameter Markers of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-trans-hexenale (HHE), 4-hydroxy-trans-nonenale (HNE), 8-isoProstaglandin F2α (8-isoprostane) and aldehydes C6-C12, in addition to markers of nucleic acid oxidation, including 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG), 5-hydroxymethyl uracil (5-OHMeU), and of proteins, such as o-tyrosine (o-Tyr), 3-chlorotyrosine (3-ClTyr), and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NOTyr) were analyzed in EBC and urine by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Almost all markers of lipid, nucleic acid and protein oxidation were elevated in the EBC of workers comparing with control subjects. Elevated markers were MDA, HNE, HHE, C6-C10, 8-isoprostane, 8-OHdG, 8-OHG, 5-OHMeU, 3-ClTyr, 3-NOTyr, o-Tyr (all p < 0.001), and C11 (p < 0.05). Only aldehyde C12 and the pH of samples did not differ between groups. Markers in urine were not elevated. These findings suggest the adverse effects of nano iron oxide aerosol exposure and support the utility of oxidative stress biomarkers in EBC. The anal. of urine oxidative stress biomarkers does not support the presence of systemic oxidative stress in iron oxide pigment production workers. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).Safety of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

The Article related to oxidative stress marker human ebc nanoparticle iron oxide pigment, Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene: Industrial Hygiene and other aspects.Safety of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On December 31, 2021, Ma, Danyi; Suh, Dong Ho; Zhang, Jiaying; Chao, Yufan; Duttlinger, Alan W.; Johnson, Jay S.; Lee, Choong Hwan; Kim, Yuan H. Brad published an article.Safety of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione The title of the article was Elucidating the involvement of apoptosis in postmortem proteolysis in porcine muscles from two production cycles using metabolomics approach. And the article contained the following:

Apoptosis has been suggested as the first step in the process of conversion of muscle into meat. While a potential role of apoptosis in postmortem proteolysis has been proposed, the underlying mechanisms by which metabolome changes in muscles would influence apoptotic and proteolytic process, leading to meat quality variation, has not been determined Here, apoptotic and proteolytic attributes and metabolomics profiling of longissimus dorsi (LD) and psoas major (PM) muscles in pigs from two different production cycles (July-Jan vs. Apr-Sep) were evaluated. The PM showed higher mitochondrial membrane permeability (MMP), concurrent with less extent of calpain-1 autolysis and troponin T degradation and higher abundance of HSP27 and αβ-crystallin compared to LD (P < 0.05). Apr-Sep muscles showed concurrence of extended apoptosis (indicated by higher MMP), calpain-1 autolysis and troponin T degradation, regardless of muscle effects (P < 0.05). Metabolomics profiling showed Apr-Sep muscles to increase in oxidative stress-related macronutrients, including 6-carbon sugars, some branched-chain AA, and free fatty acids. Antioxidant AA (His and Asp) and ascorbic acid were higher in July-Jan (P < 0.05). The results of the present study suggest that early postmortem apoptosis might be pos. associated with pro-oxidant macronutrients and neg. associated with antioxidant metabolites, consequently affecting meat quality attributes in a muscle-specific manner. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).Safety of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

The Article related to porcine muscle metabolomic postmortem proteolysis, Food and Feed Chemistry: Meat, Eggs, Fish, and Seafood and other aspects.Safety of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Dvorakova, Zuzana; Renciuk, Daniel; Kejnovska, Iva; kolakova, Petra; Bednarova, Klara; Sagi, Janos; Vorlickova, Michaela published an article in 2018, the title of the article was I-motif of cytosine-rich human telomere DNA fragments containing natural base lesions.COA of Formula: C5H6N2O3 And the article contains the following content:

I-Motif (iM) is a four stranded DNA structure formed by cytosine-rich sequences, which are often present in functionally important parts of the genome such as promoters of genes and telomeres. Using electronic CD and UV absorption spectroscopies and electrophoretic methods, we examined the effect of four naturally occurring DNA base lesions on the folding and stability of the iM formed by the human telomere DNA sequence (C3TAA)3C3T. The results demonstrate that the TAA loop lesions, the apurinic site and 8-oxoadenine substituting for adenine, and the 5-hydroxymethyluracil substituting for thymine only marginally disturb the formation of iM. The presence of uracil, which is formed by enzymic or spontaneous deamination of cytosine, shifts iM formation towards substantially more acidic pH values and simultaneously distinctly reduces iM stability. This effect depends on the position of the damage sites in the sequence. The results have enabled us to formulate addnl. rules for iM formation. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).COA of Formula: C5H6N2O3

The Article related to i motif human telomere dna base pairing lesion substitution, Biochemical Genetics: Gene Structure and Organization and other aspects.COA of Formula: C5H6N2O3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On January 25, 2018, Da, Lin-Tai; Shi, Yi; Ning, Guodong; Yu, Jin published an article.Recommanded Product: 4433-40-3 The title of the article was Dynamics of the excised base release in thymine DNA glycosylase during DNA repair process. And the article contained the following:

Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) initiates base excision repair by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond between the sugar and target base. After catalysis, the release of excised base is a requisite step to terminate the catalytic cycle and liberate the TDG for the following enzymic reactions. However, an atomistic-level understanding of the dynamics of the product release process in TDG remains unknown. Here, by employing mol. dynamics simulations combined with the Markov State Model, we reveal the dynamics of the thymine release after the excision at microseconds timescale and all-atom resolution We identify several key metastable states of the thymine and its dominant releasing pathway. Notably, after replacing the TDG residue Gly142 with tyrosine, the thymine release is delayed compared to the wild-type (wt) TDG, as supported by our potential of mean force (PMF) calculations These findings warrant further exptl. tests to potentially trap the excised base in the active site of TDG after the catalysis, which had been unsuccessful by previous attempts. Finally, we extended our studies to other TDG products, including the uracil, 5hmU, 5fC and 5caC bases in order to compare the product release for different targeting bases in the TDG-DNA complex. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).Recommanded Product: 4433-40-3

The Article related to mol dynamics base repair tgd gene dna repair complex, Biochemical Genetics: Gene Structure and Organization and other aspects.Recommanded Product: 4433-40-3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On December 31, 2019, Yakovlev, Igor A.; Gackowski, Daniel; Abakir, Abdulkadir; Viejo, Marcos; Ruzov, Alexey; Olinski, Ryszard; Starczak, Marta; Fossdal, Carl Gunnar; Krutovsky, Konstantin V. published an article.Electric Literature of 4433-40-3 The title of the article was Mass spectrometry reveals the presence of specific set of epigenetic DNA modifications in the Norway spruce genome. And the article contained the following:

5-Methylcytosine (5mC) is an epigenetic modification involved in regulation of gene expression in metazoans and plants. Iron-(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases can oxidize 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Although these oxidized forms of 5mC may serve as demethylation intermediates or contribute to transcriptional regulation in animals and fungi, exptl. evidence for their presence in plant genomes is ambiguous. Here, employing reversed-phase HPLC coupled with sensitive mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that, unlike 5caC, both 5hmC and 5fC are detectable in non-negligible quantities in the DNA of a conifer, Norway spruce. Remarkably, whereas 5hmC content of spruce DNA is approx. 100-fold lower relative to human colorectal carcinoma cells, the levels of both – 5fC and a thymine base modification, 5-hydroxymethyluracil, are comparable in these systems. We confirmed the presence of modified DNA bases by immunohistochem. in Norway spruce buds based on peroxidase-conjugated antibodies and tyramide signal amplification. Our results reveal the presence of specific range of noncanonical DNA bases in conifer genomes implying potential roles for these modifications in plant development and homeostasis. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).Electric Literature of 4433-40-3

The Article related to picea epigenetic dna modification genome mass spectrometry, Plant Biochemistry: Classical Genetics and Phylogeny and other aspects.Electric Literature of 4433-40-3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On March 26, 2020, Jeong, Ye Eun Rebecca; Lenz, Stefan A. P.; Wetmore, Stacey D. published an article.Reference of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione The title of the article was DFT Study on the Deglycosylation of Methylated, Oxidized, and Canonical Pyrimidine Nucleosides in Water: Implications for Epigenetic Regulation and DNA Repair. And the article contained the following:

D. functional theory (B3LYP) was used to characterize the kinetics and thermodn. of the (nonenzymic) deglycosylation in water for a variety of 2′-deoxycytidine (dC) and 2′-deoxyuridine (dU) nucleoside derivatives that differ in methylation and subsequent oxidation of the C5 substituent. A range of computational models are considered that combine implicit and explicit solvation of the nucleophile and nucleobase. Regardless of the model implemented, our calculations reveal that the glycosidic bond in dC is inherently more stable than that in dU. Furthermore, C5 methylation of either pyrimidine and subsequent oxidation of the Me group yield overall small changes to the Gibbs reaction energy profiles and thereby preserve lower deglycosylation barriers for the dC compared to those for the dU nucleoside derivatives However, hydrolytic deglycosylation becomes significantly more energetically favorable when 5-methyl-dC (5m-dC) undergoes two or three rounds of oxidation, with the Gibbs energy barrier decreasing and the reaction becoming more exergonic by up to 40 kJ/mol. In fact, two or three oxidation reactions from 5m-dC result in a deglycosylation barrier similar to that for dU, as well as those for the associated C5-methylated (2′-deoxythymidine) and oxidized (5-hydroxymethyl-dU) derivatives These predicted trends in the inherent deglycosylation energetics in water directly correlate with the previously reported activity of thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), which cleaves the glycosidic bond in select dC nucleosides as part of epigenetic regulation and in dU variants as part of DNA repair. Thus, our data suggests that fundamental differences in the intrinsic reactivity of the pyrimidine nucleosides help regulate the function of human enzymes that maintain cellular integrity. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).Reference of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

The Article related to methylated oxidized canonical pyrimidine nucleoside hydrolytic deglycosylation dft, epigenetics dna repair pyrimidine nucleoside hydrolytic deglycosylation dft, General Biochemistry: Nucleic Acids and Their Constituents and other aspects.Reference of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On March 31, 2017, Smith, Karen E.; House, Christopher H.; Dworkin, Jason P.; Callahan, Michael P. published an article.Recommanded Product: 4433-40-3 The title of the article was Spontaneous Oligomerization of Nucleotide Alternatives in Aqueous Solutions. And the article contained the following:

On early Earth, a primitive polymer that could spontaneously form from likely available precursors may have preceded both RNA and DNA as the first genetic material. Here, we report that heated aqueous solutions containing 5-hydroxymethyluracil (HMU) result in oligomers of uracil, heated solutions containing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (HMC) result in oligomers of cytosine, and heated solutions containing both HMU and HMC result in mixed oligomers of uracil and cytosine. Oligomerization of hydroxymethylated pyrimidines, which may have been abundant on the primitive Earth, might have been important in the development of simple informational polymers. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).Recommanded Product: 4433-40-3

The Article related to oligomerization nucleotide uracil cytosine hmu hmc, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, oligomerization, prebiotic chemistry, pyrimidines, General Biochemistry: Nucleic Acids and Their Constituents and other aspects.Recommanded Product: 4433-40-3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On March 18, 2016, Carson, Spencer; Wilson, James; Aksimentiev, Aleksei; Weigele, Peter R.; Wanunu, Meni published an article.Safety of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione The title of the article was Hydroxymethyluracil modifications enhance the flexibility and hydrophilicity of double-stranded DNA. And the article contained the following:

Oxidation of a DNA thymine to 5-hydroxymethyluracil is one of several recently discovered epigenetic modifications. Here, we report the results of nanopore translocation experiments and mol. dynamics simulations that provide insight into the impact of this modification on the structure and dynamics of DNA. When transported through ultrathin solid-state nanopores, short DNA fragments containing thymine modifications were found to exhibit distinct, reproducible features in their transport characteristics that differentiate them from unmodified mols. Mol. dynamics simulations suggest that 5-hydroxymethyluracil alters the flexibility and hydrophilicity of the DNA mols., which may account for the differences observed in our nanopore translocation experiments The altered physico-chem. properties of DNA produced by the thymine modifications may have implications for recognition and processing of such modifications by regulatory DNA-binding proteins. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).Safety of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

The Article related to dna hydroxymethyluracil flexibility hydrophilicity nanopore translocation mol dynamics simulation, General Biochemistry: Nucleic Acids and Their Constituents and other aspects.Safety of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On December 31, 2021, Rozalski, Rafal; Gackowski, Daniel; Skalska-Bugala, Aleksandra; Starczak, Marta; Siomek-Gorecka, Agnieszka; Zarakowska, Ewelina; Modrzejewska, Martyna; Dziaman, Tomasz; Szpila, Anna; Linowiecka, Kinga; Guz, Jolanta; Szpotan, Justyna; Gawronski, Maciej; Labejszo, Anna; Gackowska, Lidia; Foksinski, Marek; Olinska, Elwira; Wasilow, Aleksandra; Koltan, Andrzej; Styczynski, Jan; Olinski, Ryszard published an article.Synthetic Route of 4433-40-3 The title of the article was The urinary excretion of epigenetically modified DNA as a marker of pediatric ALL status and chemotherapy response. And the article contained the following:

The active DNA demethylation process may be linked to aberrant methylation and may be involved in leukemogenesis. We investigated the role of epigenetic DNA modifications in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) diagnostics and therapy monitoring. We analyzed the levels of 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5-mdC) oxidation products in the cellular DNA and urine of children with ALL (at diagnosis and during chemotherapy, n = 55) using two-dimensional ultra-performance liquid chromatog. with tandem mass spectrometry (2D UPLC-MS/MS). Moreover, the expression of Ten Eleven Translocation enzymes (TETs) at the mRNA and protein levels was determined Addnl., the ascorbate level in the blood plasma was analyzed. Before treatment, the ALL patients had profoundly higher levels of the analyzed modified DNA in their urine than the controls. After chemotherapy, we observed a statistically significant decrease in active demethylation products in urine, with a final level similar to the level characteristic of healthy children. The level of 5-hmdC in the DNA of the leukocytes in blood of the patient group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Our data suggest that urinary excretion of epigenetic DNA modification may be a marker of pediatric ALL status and a reliable marker of chemotherapy response. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).Synthetic Route of 4433-40-3

The Article related to urinary excretion dna marker pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia chemotherapy, Mammalian Pathological Biochemistry: Respiratory Diseases and other aspects.Synthetic Route of 4433-40-3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On November 30, 2016, Choofong, Surakarn; Cloutier, Pierre; Sanche, Leon; Wagner, J. Richard published an article.SDS of cas: 4433-40-3 The title of the article was Base release and modification in solid-phase DNA exposed to low-energy electrons. And the article contained the following:

Ionization generates a large number of secondary low-energy electrons (LEEs) with a most probable energy of approx. 10 eV, which can break DNA bonds by dissociative electron attachment (DEA) and lead to DNA damage. In this study, we investigated radiation damage to dry DNA induced by X rays (1.5 keV) alone on a glass substrate or X rays combined with extra LEEs (average energy of 5.8 eV) emitted from a tantalum (Ta) substrate under an atm. of N2 and standard ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. The targets included calf-thymus DNA and double-stranded synthetic oligonucleotides. We developed anal. methods to measure the release of non-modified DNA bases from DNA and the formation of several base modifications by LC-MS/MS with isotopic dilution for precise quantification. The results show that the yield of non-modified bases as well as base modifications increase by 20-30% when DNA is deposited on a Ta substrate compared to that on a glass substrate. The order of base release (Gua > Ade > Thy ∼ Cyt) agrees well with several theor. studies indicating that Gua is the most susceptible site toward sugar-phosphate cleavage. The formation of DNA damage by LEEs is explained by DEA leading to the release of non-modified bases involving the initial cleavage of N1-C1′, C3′-O3′ or C5′-O5′ bonds. The yield of base modifications was lower than the release of non-modified bases. The main LEE-induced base modifications include 5,6-dihydrothymine (5,6-dHT), 5,6-dihydrouracil (5-dHU), 5-hydroxymethyluracil (5-HmU) and 5-formyluracil (5-ForU). The formation of base modifications by LEEs can be explained by DEA and cleavage of the C-H bond of the Me group of Thy (giving 5-HmU and 5-ForU) and by secondary reactions of H atoms and hydride anions that are generated by primary LEE reactions followed by subsequent reaction with Cyt and Thy (giving 5,6-dHU and 5,6-dHT). The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 4433-40-3).SDS of cas: 4433-40-3

The Article related to ionizing radiation low energy electron base release modification dna, Radiation Biochemistry: Effects On Biochemical Substances and other aspects.SDS of cas: 4433-40-3

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia