Category: 2927-71-1

The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives, including the nucleotides cytosine, thymine and uracil, thiamine (vitamin B1) and alloxan. 2927-71-1, formula is C4HCl2FN2, Name is 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine. It is also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Quality Control of 2927-71-1.

Li, Xiandeng;Yang, Tao;Hu, Mengshi;Yang, Yingxue;Tang, Minghai;Deng, Dexin;Liu, Kongjun;Fu, Suhong;Tan, Yan;Wang, Huan;Chen, Yong;Zhang, Chufeng;Guo, Yong;Peng, Bin;Si, Wenting;Yang, Zhuang;Chen, Lijuan research published 《 Synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine derivatives as novel dual FLT3/CDK4 inhibitors》, the research content is summarized as follows. Herein, based on the previously reported JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor, the synthesis, structure-activity relationship and biol. evaluation of a series of unique 6-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine derivatives, e.g., I, was described that inhibited FLT3 and CDK4 kinases. The optimized compound exhibited low nanomolar range activities with IC₅₀ values of 11 and 7 nM for FLT3 and CDK4, resp.

Quality Control of 2927-71-1, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4HCl2FN2 and its molecular weight is 166.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is an aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to inhibit the growth of mouse tumor cells in vitro. It also inhibits the production of amines by reacting with industrial chemicals and sodium carbonate. This compound has potent inhibitory activity against autoimmune diseases and cytotoxic potency on mcf-7 cells. Furthermore, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine has been shown to have a chlorinating effect on cancer cells., 2927-71-1.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The nomenclature of pyrimidines is straightforward. However, like other heterocyclics, tautomeric hydroxyl groups yield complications since they exist primarily in the cyclic amide form. 2927-71-1, formula is C4HCl2FN2, Name is 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine. For example, 2-hydroxypyrimidine is more properly named 2-pyrimidone. A partial list of trivial names of various pyrimidines exists. Recommanded Product: 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine.

Li, Yingxiu;Wang, Peng;Chen, Cong;Ye, Tianyu;Han, Yufei;Hou, Yunlei;Liu, Yajing;Gong, Ping;Qin, Mingze;Zhao, Yanfang research published 《 Discovery and rational design of 2-aminopyrimidine-based derivatives targeting Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3)》, the research content is summarized as follows. Herein, with the help of computer-aided drug design (CADD), the structure-based rational drug design, structure-activity relationships, and synthesis of a series of 2-aminopyrimidine derivatives that inhibit both JAK2 and FLT3 kinases was described. These screening cascades revealed that compound I [R¹ = 5-Cl] demonstrated the most inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 1.8 and 0.68 nM against JAK2 and FLT3 resp. Compound I [R¹ = 5-Cl] also showed potent anti-proliferative activities against HEL (IC₅₀ = 0.84μM) and Molm-13 (IC₅₀ = 0.019μM) cell lines, but relatively weak cytotoxicity against K562 and PC-3 cell lines, which proved that it might have high target specificity. In-vitro metabolism assay, I [R¹ = 5-Cl] exhibited moderate stability in RLM (Rat Liver Microsomes) with a half-life time of 31 min. In the cellular context of Molm-13, I [R¹ = 5-Cl] induced cell cycle arrest in G1/S phase and enhanced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that I [R¹ = 5-Cl] s a promising dual JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor and worthy of further development.

Recommanded Product: 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4HCl2FN2 and its molecular weight is 166.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is an aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to inhibit the growth of mouse tumor cells in vitro. It also inhibits the production of amines by reacting with industrial chemicals and sodium carbonate. This compound has potent inhibitory activity against autoimmune diseases and cytotoxic potency on mcf-7 cells. Furthermore, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine has been shown to have a chlorinating effect on cancer cells., 2927-71-1.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. One of the three diazines (six-membered heterocyclics with two nitrogen atoms in the ring), it has the nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 in the ring. 2927-71-1, formula is C4HCl2FN2, Name is 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine. The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives, including the nucleotides cytosine, thymine and uracil, thiamine (vitamin B1) and alloxan. Product Details of C4HCl2FN2.

Liang, Xuewu;Zang, Jie;Zhu, Mengyuan;Gao, Qianwen;Wang, Binghe;Xu, Wenfang;Zhang, Yingjie research published 《 Design, Synthesis, and Antitumor Evaluation of 4-Amino-(1H)-pyrazole Derivatives as JAKs Inhibitors》, the research content is summarized as follows. Abnormalities in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway lead to many diseases such as immunodeficiency, inflammation, and cancer. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of 4-amino-(1H)-pyrazole derivatives as potent JAKs inhibitors for cancer treatment. Results from in vitro protein kinase inhibition experiments indicated that some compounds are potent JAKs inhibitors. For example, the IC₅₀ values of compound I against JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 were 3.4, 2.2, and 3.5 nM, resp. In cell culture experiments, compound I showed potent antiproliferative activity against various cell lines (PC-3, HEL, K562, MCF-7, and MOLT4) at low micromolar levels, while compound II showed selective cytotoxicity at submicromolar levels against HEL (IC₅₀: 0.35 μM) and K562 (IC₅₀: 0.37 μM) cell lines. It is worth noting that both I and II showed more potent antiproliferative activities than the approved JAKs inhibitor Ruxolitinib.

Product Details of C4HCl2FN2, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4HCl2FN2 and its molecular weight is 166.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is an aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to inhibit the growth of mouse tumor cells in vitro. It also inhibits the production of amines by reacting with industrial chemicals and sodium carbonate. This compound has potent inhibitory activity against autoimmune diseases and cytotoxic potency on mcf-7 cells. Furthermore, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine has been shown to have a chlorinating effect on cancer cells., 2927-71-1.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base similar to benzene (a six-membered ring) and includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil as bases used for DNA or RNA. 2927-71-1, formula is C4HCl2FN2, Name is 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Quality Control of 2927-71-1.

Liang, Xuewu;Zang, Jie;Li, Xiaoyang;Tang, Shuai;Huang, Min;Geng, Meiyu;Chou, C. James;Li, Chunpu;Cao, Yichun;Xu, Wenfang;Liu, Hong;Zhang, Yingjie research published 《 Discovery of Novel Janus Kinase (JAK) and Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Dual Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies》, the research content is summarized as follows. Concurrent inhibition of Janus kinase (JAK) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) could potentially improve the efficacy of the HDAC inhibitors in the treatment of cancers and resolve the problem of HDAC inhibitor resistance in some tumors. Here, a novel series of pyrimidin-2-amino-pyrazol hydroxamate derivatives as JAK and HDAC dual inhibitors was designed, synthesized, and evaluated, among which I possessed potent and balanced activities against both JAK2 and HDAC6 with half-maximal inhibitory concentration at the nanomolar level. I exhibited improved antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities over SAHA and ruxolitinib in several hematol. cell lines. Remarkably, I exhibited more potent antiproliferation effect than the combination of SAHA and ruxolitinib in HEL cells bearing JAK2^V617F mutation. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice showed that I possessed good bioavailability after i.p. administration. Finally, I showed antitumor efficacy with no significant toxicity in a HEL xenograft model. Collectively, the results confirm the therapeutic potential of JAK and HDAC dual inhibitors in hematol. malignancies and provide valuable leads for further structural optimization and antitumor mechanism study.

2927-71-1, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4HCl2FN2 and its molecular weight is 166.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is an aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to inhibit the growth of mouse tumor cells in vitro. It also inhibits the production of amines by reacting with industrial chemicals and sodium carbonate. This compound has potent inhibitory activity against autoimmune diseases and cytotoxic potency on mcf-7 cells. Furthermore, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine has been shown to have a chlorinating effect on cancer cells., Quality Control of 2927-71-1

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives, including the nucleotides cytosine, thymine and uracil, thiamine (vitamin B1) and alloxan. 2927-71-1, formula is C4HCl2FN2, Name is 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine. It is also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Electric Literature of 2927-71-1.

Liao, Ke;Wu, Fengjin;Chen, Jiean;Huang, Yong research published 《 Catalytic cleavage and functionalization of bulky and inert C_sp3-C_sp3 bonds via a relayed proton-coupled electron transfer strategy》, the research content is summarized as follows. The direct, photoredox cleavage of hindered C_sp3-C_sp3 bonds of alcs. under neutral conditions was described. A relayed proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) strategy was employed that overcame the previous requirement of a Bronsted base. Heavily branched alcs. with a high oxidation potential (E_ox1/2 > +2 V vs. SCE) were cleaved and functionalized with remarkable efficiency and versatility. A simple, non-substituted Ph group can promote a relayed PCET process to deliver primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl radicals under neutral conditions.

2927-71-1, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4HCl2FN2 and its molecular weight is 166.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is an aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to inhibit the growth of mouse tumor cells in vitro. It also inhibits the production of amines by reacting with industrial chemicals and sodium carbonate. This compound has potent inhibitory activity against autoimmune diseases and cytotoxic potency on mcf-7 cells. Furthermore, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine has been shown to have a chlorinating effect on cancer cells., Electric Literature of 2927-71-1

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The systematic study of pyrimidines began in 1884 with Pinner, who synthesized derivatives by condensing ethyl acetoacetate with amidines. Pinner first proposed the name “pyrimidin” in 1885. 2927-71-1, formula is C4HCl2FN2, Name is 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine. The parent compound was first prepared by Gabriel and Colman in 1900, by conversion of barbituric acid to 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine followed by reduction using zinc dust in hot water. Recommanded Product: 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine.

Liu, He;Qu, Menghua;Xu, Lina;Han, Xu;Wang, Changyuan;Shu, Xiaohong;Yao, Jihong;Liu, Kexin;Peng, Jinyong;Li, Yanxia;Ma, Xiaodong research published 《 Design and synthesis of sulfonamide-substituted diphenylpyrimidines (SFA-DPPYs) as potent Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors with improved activity toward B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia》, the research content is summarized as follows. A new series of diphenylpyrimidine derivatives (SFA-DPPYs) were synthesized by introducing a functional sulfonamide into the C-2 aniline moiety of pyrimidine template, and then were biol. evaluated as potent Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors. Among these mols., inhibitors 10c, 10i, 10j and 10k (I – IV, resp.) displayed high potency against the BTK enzyme, with IC₅₀ values of 1.18 nM, 0.92 nM, 0.42 nM and 1.05 nM, resp. In particular, compound 10c could remarkably inhibit the proliferation of the B lymphoma cell lines at concentrations of 6.49 μM (Ramos cells) and 13.2 μM (Raji cells), and was stronger than the novel agent spebrutinib. In addition, the inhibitory potency toward the normal PBMC cells showed that inhibitor 10c possesses low cell cytotoxicity. All these explorations indicated that mol. 10c could serve as a valuable inhibitor for B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia treatment.

Recommanded Product: 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4HCl2FN2 and its molecular weight is 166.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is an aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to inhibit the growth of mouse tumor cells in vitro. It also inhibits the production of amines by reacting with industrial chemicals and sodium carbonate. This compound has potent inhibitory activity against autoimmune diseases and cytotoxic potency on mcf-7 cells. Furthermore, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine has been shown to have a chlorinating effect on cancer cells., 2927-71-1.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base similar to benzene (a six-membered ring) and includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil as bases used for DNA or RNA. 2927-71-1, formula is C4HCl2FN2, Name is 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Formula: C4HCl2FN2.

Kuhn, Bernd;Tichy, Michal;Wang, Lingle;Robinson, Shaughnessy;Martin, Rainer E.;Kuglstatter, Andreas;Benz, Jorg;Giroud, Maude;Schirmeister, Tanja;Abel, Robert;Diederich, Francois;Hert, Jerome research published 《 Prospective Evaluation of Free Energy Calculations for the Prioritization of Cathepsin L Inhibitors》, the research content is summarized as follows. Improving the binding affinity of a chem. series by systematically probing one of its exit vectors is a medicinal chem. activity that can benefit from mol. modeling input. Herein, the authors compare the effectiveness of four approaches in prioritizing building blocks with better potency: selection by a medicinal chemist, manual modeling, docking followed by manual filtering, and free energy calculations (FEP). The authors’ study focused on identifying novel substituents for the apolar S2 pocket of cathepsin L and was conducted entirely in a prospective manner with synthesis and activity determination of 36 novel compounds The authors found that FEP selected compounds with improved affinity for 8 out of 10 picks compared to 1 out of 10 for the other approaches. From this result and other addnl. analyses, the authors conclude that FEP can be a useful approach to guide this type of medicinal chem. optimization once it has been validated for the system under consideration.

2927-71-1, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4HCl2FN2 and its molecular weight is 166.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is an aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to inhibit the growth of mouse tumor cells in vitro. It also inhibits the production of amines by reacting with industrial chemicals and sodium carbonate. This compound has potent inhibitory activity against autoimmune diseases and cytotoxic potency on mcf-7 cells. Furthermore, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine has been shown to have a chlorinating effect on cancer cells., Formula: C4HCl2FN2

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. One of the three diazines (six-membered heterocyclics with two nitrogen atoms in the ring), it has the nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 in the ring. 2927-71-1, formula is C4HCl2FN2, Name is 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine. The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives, including the nucleotides cytosine, thymine and uracil, thiamine (vitamin B1) and alloxan. Application of C4HCl2FN2.

Kumar, C. B. Pradeep;Mohana, K. N.;Raghu, M. S.;Jagadeesha, M. B.;Prashanth, M. K.;Lokanath, N. K.;Mahesha research published 《 Fluorine substituted thiomethyl pyrimidine derivatives as efficient inhibitors for mild steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid solution: Thermodynamic, electrochemical and DFT studies》, the research content is summarized as follows. Three new 5-fluoro-2- methylthio substituted pyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized and characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and Mass spectrometry. Corrosion inhibition characteristics of the synthesized pyrimidine derivatives have been studied on mild steel (MS) in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solution at various temperatures (303-333 K) using mass loss and electrochem. techniques. The obtained weight loss, electrochem. impedance and potentiodynamic polarization data indicate that the corrosion inhibition efficiency is directly proportional to concentration of the inhibitors. The Adsorption process on MS surface obeyed Langmuir isotherm model. SEM (SEM) was used to characterize surface morphol. of the MS specimen in absence and presence of pyrimidine derivatives D. functional theory (DFT) calculations using B3LYP functional with 6-311+G (d,p) level was used to establish the relationship between mol. structure and corrosion inhibition efficiency. Electrochem. anal. indicated that pyrimidine derivatives inhibit the corrosion by adsorbing on the metal surface. Mixed-type of corrosion inhibition activity with anodic predominance was proposed by polarization studies.

Application of C4HCl2FN2, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4HCl2FN2 and its molecular weight is 166.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is an aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to inhibit the growth of mouse tumor cells in vitro. It also inhibits the production of amines by reacting with industrial chemicals and sodium carbonate. This compound has potent inhibitory activity against autoimmune diseases and cytotoxic potency on mcf-7 cells. Furthermore, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine has been shown to have a chlorinating effect on cancer cells., 2927-71-1.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The nomenclature of pyrimidines is straightforward. However, like other heterocyclics, tautomeric hydroxyl groups yield complications since they exist primarily in the cyclic amide form. 2927-71-1, formula is C4HCl2FN2, Name is 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine. For example, 2-hydroxypyrimidine is more properly named 2-pyrimidone. A partial list of trivial names of various pyrimidines exists. Recommanded Product: 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine.

Kunikawa, Shigeki;Tanaka, Akira;Mukoyoshi, Koichiro;Nagashima, Shinya;Tominaga, Hiroaki;Chida, Noboru;Tasaki, Mamoru;Shirai, Fumiyuki research published 《 Optimization of 2,4-diamino-5-fluoropyrimidine derivatives as protein kinase C theta inhibitors with mitigated time-dependent drug-drug interactions and P-gp liability》, the research content is summarized as follows. Protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) plays a critical role in T cell signaling and has therapeutic potential for T cell-mediated diseases such as transplant rejection and rheumatoid arthritis. Here, a series of 2,4-diamino-5-fluoropyrimidine derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their inhibition of PKCθ. Of these compounds, 14f was found to exhibit potent PKCθ inhibitory activity and significantly weak CYP3A4 time-dependent inhibition (TDI) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) liability.

2927-71-1, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4HCl2FN2 and its molecular weight is 166.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is an aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to inhibit the growth of mouse tumor cells in vitro. It also inhibits the production of amines by reacting with industrial chemicals and sodium carbonate. This compound has potent inhibitory activity against autoimmune diseases and cytotoxic potency on mcf-7 cells. Furthermore, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine has been shown to have a chlorinating effect on cancer cells., Recommanded Product: 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base similar to benzene (a six-membered ring) and includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil as bases used for DNA or RNA. 2927-71-1, formula is C4HCl2FN2, Name is 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Product Details of C4HCl2FN2.

Kim, Eunha;Yang, Katherine S.;Kohler, Rainer H.;Dubach, John M.;Mikula, Hannes;Weissleder, Ralph research published 《 Optimized Near-IR Fluorescent Agents for in Vivo Imaging of Btk Expression》, the research content is summarized as follows. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) is intricately involved in anti-apoptotic signaling pathways in cancer and in regulating innate immune response. A number of Btk inhibitors are in development for use in treating B-cell malignancies and certain immunol. diseases. To develop robust companion imaging diagnostics for in vivo use, we set out to explore the effects of red wavelength fluorochrome modifications of two highly potent irreversible Btk inhibitors, Ibrutinib and AVL-292. Surprisingly, we found that subtle chem. differences in the fluorochrome had considerable effects on target localization. Based on iterative designs, we developed a single optimized version with superb in vivo imaging characteristics enabling single cell Btk imaging in vivo. This agent (Ibrutinib-SiR-COOH) is expected to be a valuable chem. tool in deciphering Btk biol. in cancer and host cells in vivo.

Product Details of C4HCl2FN2, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4HCl2FN2 and its molecular weight is 166.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is an aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to inhibit the growth of mouse tumor cells in vitro. It also inhibits the production of amines by reacting with industrial chemicals and sodium carbonate. This compound has potent inhibitory activity against autoimmune diseases and cytotoxic potency on mcf-7 cells. Furthermore, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine has been shown to have a chlorinating effect on cancer cells., 2927-71-1.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia