Day: September 20, 2022

The systematic study of pyrimidines began in 1884 with Pinner, who synthesized derivatives by condensing ethyl acetoacetate with amidines. Pinner first proposed the name “pyrimidin” in 1885. 554-01-8, formula is C5H7N3O, Name is 4-Amino-5-methylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one. The parent compound was first prepared by Gabriel and Colman in 1900, by conversion of barbituric acid to 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine followed by reduction using zinc dust in hot water. Application of C5H7N3O.

Cavalcante, Gabrielle Melo;Borges, Daniela Paula;de Oliveira, Roberta Taiane Germano;Furtado, Cristiana Libardi Miranda;Alves, Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes;Sousa, Alceu Machado;de Paula, Dayrine Silveira;Filho, Francisco Dario Rocha;Magalhaes, Silvia Maria Meira;Ribeiro, Howard Lopes Jr.;Pinheiro, Ronald Feitosa research published 《 Tissue methylation and demethylation influence translesion synthesis DNA polymerases (TLS) contributing to the genesis of chromosomal abnormalities in myelodysplastic syndrome》, the research content is summarized as follows. Aims: DNA methylation has its distribution influenced by DNA demethylation processes with the catalytic conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) has been associated with epigenetic dysregulation of genes related to DNA repair system, chronic immune response and cell cycle. Methods: We evaluated the tissue DNA methylation/ hydroxymethylation in bone marrow trephine biopsies of 73 patients with MDS, trying to correlate with the mRNA expression of 21 genes (POLH, POLL, REV3L, POLN, POLQ, POLI, POLK, IRF-1, IRF-2, IRF-3, IRF-4, IRF-5, IRF6, IRF-7, IRF-8, IRF-9, MAD2, CDC20, AURKA, AURKB and TPX2). Results: The M-score (5mC) was significantly higher in patients with chromosomal abnormalities than patients with normal karyotype (95% CI -27.127779 to -2.368020; p=0.022). We observed a higher 5mC/5hmC ratio in patients classified as high-risk subtypes compared with low-risk subtypes (95% CI -72.922115 to -1.855662; p=0.040) as well as patients with hypercellular bone marrow compared with patients with normocellular/hypocellular bone marrow (95% CI -69.189259 to -0.511828; p=0.047) and with the presence of dyserythropoiesis (95% CI 17.077703 to 51.331388; p=0.001). DNA pols with translesion activity are significantly influenced by methylation. As 5mC immunoexpression increases, the expressions of POLH (r=-0.816; r2 =0.665; p=0.000), POLQ (r=-0.790; r2=0.624; p=0.001), PCNA (r=-0.635; r2=0.403; p=0.020), POLK (r=-0.633; r2=0.400; p=0.036 and REV1 (r=-0.578; r2=0.334; p=0.049) decrease. Conclusions: Our results confirm that there is an imbalance in the DNA methylation in MDS, influencing the development of chromosomal abnormalities which may be associated with the low expression of DNA polymerases with translesion synthesis polymerases activity.

Application of C5H7N3O, 5-Methylcytosine is a methylated form of the nucleobase cytosine occurring predominantly in cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands that are produced by DNA methyltransferases and may regulate gene expression. Like cytosine, the DNA sequence containing 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) is able to be replicated without error and 5-mC can pair with guanine in double stranded DNA. However, DNA sequences containing a high local concentration of 5-mC may be less transcriptionally active than areas with higher ratios of unmodified cytosine.
5-Methylcytosine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxypyrimidines. These are organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group attached to a pyrimidine ring. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. 5-Methylcytosine exists as a solid, slightly soluble (in water), and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, 5-methylcytosine is primarily located in the cytoplasm. 5-Methylcytosine can be biosynthesized from cytosine. Outside of the human body, 5-methylcytosine can be found in tea. This makes 5-methylcytosine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
5-methylcytosine is a pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a member of pyrimidines and a methylcytosine. It derives from a cytosine.
5-Methylcytosine is a nucleic acid that is found in the DNA and RNA of the cell. It is an important component of methylation, which is the process by which a methyl group is added to a molecule. This process can lead to cellular transformation, a process that can cause cancer. 5-Methylcytosine has also been shown as a molecular pathogenesis factor in infectious diseases such as HIV and herpes simplex virus type 1. The presence of 5-methylcytosine in nuclear DNA has been detected by analytical techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). There are many analytical methods, including GC/MS, that can be used to detect 5-methylcytosine in cellular nuclei., 554-01-8.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. 4595-59-9, formula is C4H3BrN2, Name is 5-Bromopyrimidine. In nucleic acids, three types of nucleobases are pyrimidine derivatives: cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U). Synthetic Route of 4595-59-9.

Casimiro-Garcia, Agustin;Allais, Christophe;Brennan, Agnes;Choi, Chulho;Dower, Gabriela;Farley, Kathleen A.;Fleming, Margaret;Flick, Andrew;Frisbie, Richard K.;Hall, Justin;Hepworth, David;Jones, Hannah;Knafels, John D.;Kortum, Steve;Lovering, Frank E.;Mathias, John P.;Mohan, Sashi;Morgan, Paul M.;Parng, Chuenlei;Parris, Kevin;Pullen, Nick;Schlerman, Franklin;Stansfield, John;Strohbach, Joseph W.;Vajdos, Felix F.;Vincent, Fabien;Wang, Hong;Wang, Xiaolun;Webster, Robert;Wright, Stephen W. research published 《 Discovery of a Series of Pyrimidine Carboxamides as Inhibitors of Vanin-1》, the research content is summarized as follows. A diaryl ketone series was identified as vanin-1 inhibitors from a high-throughput screening campaign. While this novel scaffold provided valuable probe 2 that was used to build target confidence, concerns over the ketone moiety led to the replacement of this group. The successful replacement of this moiety was achieved with pyrimidine carboxamides derived from cyclic secondary amines that were extensively characterized using biophys. and crystallog. methods as competitive inhibitors of vanin-1. Through optimization of potency and physicochem. and ADME properties, and guided by co-crystal structures with vanin-1, 3 was identified with a suitable profile for advancement into preclin. development.

Synthetic Route of 4595-59-9, 5-Bromopyrimidine is a reactive intermediate that is used in the synthesis of 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid. 5-Bromopyrimidine has been shown to be nucleophilic, reacting with β-amino acids under basic conditions to form the corresponding 2-bromo amide. It also undergoes cross-coupling reactions with halides and can be used as a building block for other organic compounds. 5-Bromopyrimidine has optical properties that are characteristic of aromatic molecules, including strong absorption bands in the ultraviolet region and visible light region.
5-Bromopyrimidine undergoes direct metallation with lithuium diisopropylamide to yield 4-lithio-5-bromopyrimidine., 4595-59-9.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The nomenclature of pyrimidines is straightforward. However, like other heterocyclics, tautomeric hydroxyl groups yield complications since they exist primarily in the cyclic amide form. 554-01-8, formula is C5H7N3O, Name is 4-Amino-5-methylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one. For example, 2-hydroxypyrimidine is more properly named 2-pyrimidone. A partial list of trivial names of various pyrimidines exists. Electric Literature of 554-01-8.

Capell, Brian C. research published 《 Loss of TET2 Tips the Scales Toward Tumorigenesis》, the research content is summarized as follows. DNA methylation and demethylation function in the balance between cellular differentiation and cancer. Although the roles of DNA methyltransferases have been extensively explored in epidermal biol., ten-eleven translocation (TET) demethylase enzymes are poorly understood. In their new article in the Journal of Investigative Dermatol., Boudra et al. present evidence for a tumor-suppressive role of TET2 and its regulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the prevention of squamous cell carcinomas.

554-01-8, 5-Methylcytosine is a methylated form of the nucleobase cytosine occurring predominantly in cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands that are produced by DNA methyltransferases and may regulate gene expression. Like cytosine, the DNA sequence containing 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) is able to be replicated without error and 5-mC can pair with guanine in double stranded DNA. However, DNA sequences containing a high local concentration of 5-mC may be less transcriptionally active than areas with higher ratios of unmodified cytosine.
5-Methylcytosine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxypyrimidines. These are organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group attached to a pyrimidine ring. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. 5-Methylcytosine exists as a solid, slightly soluble (in water), and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, 5-methylcytosine is primarily located in the cytoplasm. 5-Methylcytosine can be biosynthesized from cytosine. Outside of the human body, 5-methylcytosine can be found in tea. This makes 5-methylcytosine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
5-methylcytosine is a pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a member of pyrimidines and a methylcytosine. It derives from a cytosine.
5-Methylcytosine is a nucleic acid that is found in the DNA and RNA of the cell. It is an important component of methylation, which is the process by which a methyl group is added to a molecule. This process can lead to cellular transformation, a process that can cause cancer. 5-Methylcytosine has also been shown as a molecular pathogenesis factor in infectious diseases such as HIV and herpes simplex virus type 1. The presence of 5-methylcytosine in nuclear DNA has been detected by analytical techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). There are many analytical methods, including GC/MS, that can be used to detect 5-methylcytosine in cellular nuclei., Electric Literature of 554-01-8

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. One of the three diazines (six-membered heterocyclics with two nitrogen atoms in the ring), it has the nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 in the ring. 2927-71-1, formula is C4HCl2FN2, Name is 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine. The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives, including the nucleotides cytosine, thymine and uracil, thiamine (vitamin B1) and alloxan. Product Details of C4HCl2FN2.

Cao, Hengyi;Zhu, Guangya;Sun, Lin;Chen, Ge;Ma, Xinxin;Luo, Xiao;Zhu, Jidong research published 《 Discovery of new small molecule inhibitors targeting isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) with blood-brain barrier penetration》, the research content is summarized as follows. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), which catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate, is one of key enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Hotspot mutation at Arg¹³² in IDH1 that alters the function of IDH1 by further converting the α-ketoglutarate(α-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) have been identified in a variety of cancers. Because the IDH1 mutations occur in a significant portion of gliomas and glioblastomas, it is important that IDH1 inhibitors have to be brain penetrant to treat IDH1-mutant brain tumors. Here we report the efforts to design and synthesize a novel serial of mutant IDH1 inhibitors with improved activity and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. We show that compound 5, (R)-4-((S)-1-fluoroethyl)-3-(2-(((S)-1-(7-(trifluoromethyl)4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinolin-3-yl)ethyl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)oxazolidin-2-one [2379528-08-0], exhibits good brain exposure and potent 2-HG inhibition in a HT1080-derived mouse xenograft model, which makes it a potential preclin. candidate to treat IDH1-mutant brain tumors.

2927-71-1, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4HCl2FN2 and its molecular weight is 166.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine is an aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to inhibit the growth of mouse tumor cells in vitro. It also inhibits the production of amines by reacting with industrial chemicals and sodium carbonate. This compound has potent inhibitory activity against autoimmune diseases and cytotoxic potency on mcf-7 cells. Furthermore, 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluoropyrimidine has been shown to have a chlorinating effect on cancer cells., Product Details of C4HCl2FN2

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The systematic study of pyrimidines began in 1884 with Pinner, who synthesized derivatives by condensing ethyl acetoacetate with amidines. Pinner first proposed the name “pyrimidin” in 1885. 65-86-1, formula is C5H4N2O4, Name is 2,6-Dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid. The parent compound was first prepared by Gabriel and Colman in 1900, by conversion of barbituric acid to 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine followed by reduction using zinc dust in hot water. COA of Formula: C5H4N2O4.

Cai, Bicheng;Gong, Liang;Zhu, Yiying;Kong, Lingmei;Ju, Xiaoman;Li, Xue;Yang, Xiaodong;Zhou, Hongyu;Li, Yan research published 《 Identification of Gossypol Acetate as an Autophagy Modulator with Potent Anti-tumor Effect against Cancer Cells》, the research content is summarized as follows. Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process, is intricately involved in many aspects of human health and a variety of human diseases, including cancer. Discovery of small-mol. autophagy modulators with potent anticancer effect would be of great significance. To this end, a natural product library consisting of 170 natural compounds were screened as autophagy modulators with potent cytotoxicity in our present study. Among these compounds, gossypol acetate (GAA), the mostly used medicinal form of gossypol, was identified. GAA effectively increased the number of autophagic puncta in GFP-LC3B-labeled 293T cells and significantly decreased cell viability in different cancer cells. In A549 cells, GAA at concentrations below 10 μM triggered caspase-independent cell death via targeting autophagy, as evidenced by elevated LC3 conversion and decreased p62/SQSTM1 levels. Knocking down of LC3 significantly attenuated GAA-induced cell death. Mechanistically, GAA at low concentrations induced autophagy through targeting AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1 signaling. Interestingly, high concentrations of GAA induced LC3 conversion, p62 accumulation, and yellow autophagosome formation, indicating that GAA at high concentrations blocked autophagic flux. Mechanistically, GAA decreased intracellular ATP level and suppressed lysosome activity. Exogenous ATP partially reversed the inhibitory effect of GAA on autophagy, suggesting that decreased ATP level and lysosome activity might be involved in the blocking of autophagy flux by GAA. Collectively, our present study reveals the mechanisms by which GAA modulates autophagy and illustrates whether autophagy regulation by GAA is functionally involved in GAA-induced cancer cell death.

COA of Formula: C5H4N2O4, Orotic acid anhydrous is a hydrogen bonding interaction that can be found in biological systems. It plays a role in the physiological effects of orotic acid, which is a metabolite of uridine and an intermediate in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Orotic acid has antimicrobial properties and has been shown to inhibit enzyme activities involved in energy metabolism, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase. Orotic acid also inhibits the growth of bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Orotic acid anhydrous is used for treating myocardial infarcts or brain functions. The untreated group was given no treatment at all.
Orotic acid, also known as orotate or orotsaeure, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidinecarboxylic acids. These are pyrimidines with a structure containing a carboxyl group attached to the pyrimidine ring. Orotic acid exists as a solid, slightly soluble (in water), and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Orotic acid has been found in human liver and pancreas tissues, and has also been primarily detected in saliva, feces, urine, and blood. Within the cell, orotic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Orotic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Orotic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, Orotic acid can be biosynthesized from L-dihydroorotic acid and quinone; which is mediated by the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), mitochondrial. In addition, Orotic acid and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be converted into orotidylic acid through its interaction with the enzyme uridine monophosphate synthetase isoform a. In humans, orotic acid is involved in the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. Orotic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the mngie (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy) pathway, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria), and Beta ureidopropionase deficiency. Outside of the human body, orotic acid can be found in a number of food items such as green vegetables, alaska blueberry, chickpea, and colorado pinyon. This makes orotic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Orotic acid is a potentially toxic compound. Orotic acid has been found to be associated with several diseases known as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency 1, cytosolic and hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria; orotic acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including n-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency, lysinuric protein intolerance, and ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
Orotic acid appears as white crystals or crystalline powder.
Orotic acid is a pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6. It has a role as a metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It derives from a uracil. It is a conjugate acid of an orotate., 65-86-1.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base similar to benzene (a six-membered ring) and includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil as bases used for DNA or RNA. 554-01-8, formula is C5H7N3O, Name is 4-Amino-5-methylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Computed Properties of 554-01-8.

Cagan, Alex;Baez-Ortega, Adrian;Brzozowska, Natalia;Abascal, Federico;Coorens, Tim H. H.;Sanders, Mathijs A.;Lawson, Andrew R. J.;Harvey, Luke M. R.;Bhosle, Shriram;Jones, David;Alcantara, Raul E.;Butler, Timothy M.;Hooks, Yvette;Roberts, Kirsty;Anderson, Elizabeth;Lunn, Sharna;Flach, Edmund;Spiro, Simon;Januszczak, Inez;Wrigglesworth, Ethan;Jenkins, Hannah;Dallas, Tilly;Masters, Nic;Perkins, Matthew W.;Deaville, Robert;Druce, Megan;Bogeska, Ruzhica;Milsom, Michael D.;Neumann, Bjorn;Gorman, Frank;Constantino-Casas, Fernando;Peachey, Laura;Bochynska, Diana;Smith, Ewan St. John;Gerstung, Moritz;Campbell, Peter J.;Murchison, Elizabeth P.;Stratton, Michael R.;Martincorena, Inigo research published 《 Somatic mutation rates scale with lifespan across mammals》, the research content is summarized as follows. The rates and patterns of somatic mutation in normal tissues are largely unknown outside of humans1-7. Comparative analyses can shed light on the diversity of mutagenesis across species, and on long-standing hypotheses about the evolution of somatic mutation rates and their role in cancer and ageing. Here we performed whole-genome sequencing of 208 intestinal crypts from 56 individuals to study the landscape of somatic mutation across 16 mammalian species. We found that somatic mutagenesis was dominated by seemingly endogenous mutational processes in all species, including 5-methylcytosine deamination and oxidative damage. With some differences, mutational signatures in other species resembled those described in humans8, although the relative contribution of each signature varied across species. Notably, the somatic mutation rate per yr varied greatly across species and exhibited a strong inverse relationship with species lifespan, with no other life-history trait studied showing a comparable association Despite widely different life histories among the species we examined-including variation of around 30-fold in lifespan and around 40,000-fold in body mass-the somatic mutation burden at the end of lifespan varied only by a factor of around 3. These data unveil common mutational processes across mammals, and suggest that somatic mutation rates are evolutionarily constrained and may be a contributing factor in ageing.

Computed Properties of 554-01-8, 5-Methylcytosine is a methylated form of the nucleobase cytosine occurring predominantly in cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands that are produced by DNA methyltransferases and may regulate gene expression. Like cytosine, the DNA sequence containing 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) is able to be replicated without error and 5-mC can pair with guanine in double stranded DNA. However, DNA sequences containing a high local concentration of 5-mC may be less transcriptionally active than areas with higher ratios of unmodified cytosine.
5-Methylcytosine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxypyrimidines. These are organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group attached to a pyrimidine ring. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. 5-Methylcytosine exists as a solid, slightly soluble (in water), and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, 5-methylcytosine is primarily located in the cytoplasm. 5-Methylcytosine can be biosynthesized from cytosine. Outside of the human body, 5-methylcytosine can be found in tea. This makes 5-methylcytosine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
5-methylcytosine is a pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a member of pyrimidines and a methylcytosine. It derives from a cytosine.
5-Methylcytosine is a nucleic acid that is found in the DNA and RNA of the cell. It is an important component of methylation, which is the process by which a methyl group is added to a molecule. This process can lead to cellular transformation, a process that can cause cancer. 5-Methylcytosine has also been shown as a molecular pathogenesis factor in infectious diseases such as HIV and herpes simplex virus type 1. The presence of 5-methylcytosine in nuclear DNA has been detected by analytical techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). There are many analytical methods, including GC/MS, that can be used to detect 5-methylcytosine in cellular nuclei., 554-01-8.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The nomenclature of pyrimidines is straightforward. However, like other heterocyclics, tautomeric hydroxyl groups yield complications since they exist primarily in the cyclic amide form. 554-01-8, formula is C5H7N3O, Name is 4-Amino-5-methylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one. For example, 2-hydroxypyrimidine is more properly named 2-pyrimidone. A partial list of trivial names of various pyrimidines exists. Computed Properties of 554-01-8.

Byun, Seongjun;Lee, Chan Hyeong;Jeong, Hyeongmin;Kim, Hyejin;Kwon, Hyug Moo;Park, Sungho;Myung, Kyungjae;An, Jungeun;Ko, Myunggon research published 《 Loss of adipose TET proteins enhances β-adrenergic responses and protects against obesity by epigenetic regulation of β3-AR expression》, the research content is summarized as follows. β-Adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling plays predominant roles in modulating energy expenditure by triggering lipolysis and thermogenesis in adipose tissue, thereby conferring obesity resistance. Obesity is associated with diminished β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) expression and decreased β-adrenergic responses, but the mol. mechanism coupling nutrient overload to catecholamine resistance remains poorly defined. Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are dioxygenases that alter the methylation status of DNA by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and further oxidized derivatives Here, we show that TET proteins are pivotal epigenetic suppressors of β3-AR expression in adipocytes, thereby attenuating the responsiveness to β-adrenergic stimulation. Deletion of all three Tet genes in adipocytes led to increased β3-AR expression and thereby enhanced the downstream β-adrenergic responses, including lipolysis, thermogenic gene induction, oxidative metabolism, and fat browning in vitro and in vivo. In mouse adipose tissues, Tet expression was elevated after mice ate a high-fat diet. Mice with adipose-specific ablation of all TET proteins maintained higher levels of β3-AR in both white and brown adipose tissues and remained sensitive to β-AR stimuli under high-fat diet challenge, leading to augmented energy expenditure and decreased fat accumulation. Consequently, they exhibited improved cold tolerance and were substantially protected from diet-induced obesity, inflammation, and metabolic complications, including insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. Mechanistically, TET proteins directly repressed β3-AR transcription, mainly in an enzymic activity-independent manner, and involved the recruitment of histone deacetylases to increase deacetylation of its promoter. Thus, the TET-histone deacetylase-β3-AR axis could be targeted to treat obesity and related metabolic diseases.

Computed Properties of 554-01-8, 5-Methylcytosine is a methylated form of the nucleobase cytosine occurring predominantly in cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands that are produced by DNA methyltransferases and may regulate gene expression. Like cytosine, the DNA sequence containing 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) is able to be replicated without error and 5-mC can pair with guanine in double stranded DNA. However, DNA sequences containing a high local concentration of 5-mC may be less transcriptionally active than areas with higher ratios of unmodified cytosine.
5-Methylcytosine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxypyrimidines. These are organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group attached to a pyrimidine ring. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. 5-Methylcytosine exists as a solid, slightly soluble (in water), and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, 5-methylcytosine is primarily located in the cytoplasm. 5-Methylcytosine can be biosynthesized from cytosine. Outside of the human body, 5-methylcytosine can be found in tea. This makes 5-methylcytosine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
5-methylcytosine is a pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a member of pyrimidines and a methylcytosine. It derives from a cytosine.
5-Methylcytosine is a nucleic acid that is found in the DNA and RNA of the cell. It is an important component of methylation, which is the process by which a methyl group is added to a molecule. This process can lead to cellular transformation, a process that can cause cancer. 5-Methylcytosine has also been shown as a molecular pathogenesis factor in infectious diseases such as HIV and herpes simplex virus type 1. The presence of 5-methylcytosine in nuclear DNA has been detected by analytical techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). There are many analytical methods, including GC/MS, that can be used to detect 5-methylcytosine in cellular nuclei., 554-01-8.

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base similar to benzene (a six-membered ring) and includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil as bases used for DNA or RNA. 65-86-1, formula is C5H4N2O4, Name is 2,6-Dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid. Pyrimidine also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Safety of 2,6-Dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid.

Bulat, Tugba;Topcu, Ali research published 《 Influences of oxidation-reduction potential on kefir: Microbial counts, organic acids, volatile compounds and sensory properties》, the research content is summarized as follows. The effects of oxidation-reduction (redox) potential (E_h) on microbiol. and sensory characteristics, volatile compounds, and organic acids of kefir produced using wild or com. culture were investigated during 21 d of storage. The E_h of the milk was modified using reducing or oxidizing chem. agents. E_h7 (E_h expresses at pH 7) values of control, reduced and oxidized kefirs produced using the wild kefir culture were -195.5, -206.1 and + 178.3 mV, while control, reduced and oxidized kefirs produced using the com. kefir culture had E_h7 values of -199.6, -208.1 and + 180.7 mV, resp., on 1 d of storage. Generally, the viability of microorganisms in the kefirs was adversely affected by oxidized conditions, but it was species- and strain-dependent. The E_h caused the change of metabolic routes of the microorganisms and, thereby, the change of volatile compounds and organic acids contents of kefir. Principal component anal. (PCA) of the volatile compounds separated the kefirs according to the culture and redox status. Kefirs with low E_h were characterized by the presence of sulfur compounds, whereas kefirs with oxidative E_h were characterized mainly by aldehydes and diacetyl. In addition, reduced E_h caused arising in sensory preference of the kefir samples.

65-86-1, Orotic acid anhydrous is a hydrogen bonding interaction that can be found in biological systems. It plays a role in the physiological effects of orotic acid, which is a metabolite of uridine and an intermediate in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Orotic acid has antimicrobial properties and has been shown to inhibit enzyme activities involved in energy metabolism, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase. Orotic acid also inhibits the growth of bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Orotic acid anhydrous is used for treating myocardial infarcts or brain functions. The untreated group was given no treatment at all.
Orotic acid, also known as orotate or orotsaeure, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidinecarboxylic acids. These are pyrimidines with a structure containing a carboxyl group attached to the pyrimidine ring. Orotic acid exists as a solid, slightly soluble (in water), and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Orotic acid has been found in human liver and pancreas tissues, and has also been primarily detected in saliva, feces, urine, and blood. Within the cell, orotic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Orotic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Orotic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, Orotic acid can be biosynthesized from L-dihydroorotic acid and quinone; which is mediated by the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), mitochondrial. In addition, Orotic acid and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be converted into orotidylic acid through its interaction with the enzyme uridine monophosphate synthetase isoform a. In humans, orotic acid is involved in the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. Orotic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the mngie (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy) pathway, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria), and Beta ureidopropionase deficiency. Outside of the human body, orotic acid can be found in a number of food items such as green vegetables, alaska blueberry, chickpea, and colorado pinyon. This makes orotic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Orotic acid is a potentially toxic compound. Orotic acid has been found to be associated with several diseases known as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency 1, cytosolic and hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria; orotic acid has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including n-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency, lysinuric protein intolerance, and ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
Orotic acid appears as white crystals or crystalline powder.
Orotic acid is a pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6. It has a role as a metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It derives from a uracil. It is a conjugate acid of an orotate., Safety of 2,6-Dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine. One of the three diazines (six-membered heterocyclics with two nitrogen atoms in the ring), it has the nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 in the ring. 4595-59-9, formula is C4H3BrN2, Name is 5-Bromopyrimidine. The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives, including the nucleotides cytosine, thymine and uracil, thiamine (vitamin B1) and alloxan. Quality Control of 4595-59-9.

Bugaenko, Dmitry I.;Yurovskaya, Marina A.;Karchava, Alexander V. research published 《 From Pyridine-N-oxides to 2-Functionalized Pyridines through Pyridyl Phosphonium Salts: An Umpolung Strategy》, the research content is summarized as follows. The reactions of pyridine-N-oxides with Ph₃P under the developed conditions provide an unprecedented route to (pyridine-2-yl)phosphonium salts. Upon activation with DABCO, these salts readily serve as functionalized 2-pyridyl nucleophile equivalent This umpolung strategy allows for the selective C2 functionalization of the pyridine ring with electrophiles, avoiding the generation and use of unstable organometallic reagents. The protocol operated at ambient temperature and tolerated sensitive functional groups, enabling the synthesis of otherwise challenging compounds

4595-59-9, 5-Bromopyrimidine is a reactive intermediate that is used in the synthesis of 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid. 5-Bromopyrimidine has been shown to be nucleophilic, reacting with β-amino acids under basic conditions to form the corresponding 2-bromo amide. It also undergoes cross-coupling reactions with halides and can be used as a building block for other organic compounds. 5-Bromopyrimidine has optical properties that are characteristic of aromatic molecules, including strong absorption bands in the ultraviolet region and visible light region.
5-Bromopyrimidine undergoes direct metallation with lithuium diisopropylamide to yield 4-lithio-5-bromopyrimidine., Quality Control of 4595-59-9

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives, including the nucleotides cytosine, thymine and uracil, thiamine (vitamin B1) and alloxan. 109-12-6, formula is C4H5N3, Name is Pyrimidin-2-amine. It is also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Electric Literature of 109-12-6.

Budovska, Mariana;Krochtova, Kristina;Kuba, Miroslav;Tischlerova, Viera;Mojzis, Jan research published 《 Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel 5-fluorinated indoles》, the research content is summarized as follows. Authors report herein the synthesis of a small 28-membered library of novel 5-fluorinated indole phytoalexins. Target compounds were designed by a structure-based bioisosterism strategy. The newly prepared compounds were screened in vitro for cytotoxic activity against seven human cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic evaluation revealed that the 2′-(3,4-dichlorophenylamino) analog of 5-fluorospirobrassinin was the most active against cancer cell lines without causing toxicity to HUVEC cells. Overall, 5-fluoro analogs of indole phytoalexins did not show improved anti-cancer activity compared to the lead compounds The preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) study revealed that placing fluoro substituent at C-5 position of the indole ring is not crucial for inducing cytotoxicity against a cancer cell line.

109-12-6, 2-Aminopyrimidine is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C4H5N3 and its molecular weight is 95.1 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
2-Aminopyrimidine is an organic compound that belongs to the group of pyridines. It has been shown to have antimicrobial, antitumor, and antiviral properties. 2-Aminopyrimidine has been used as a fungicide and herbicide in horticulture and agriculture, respectively. The molecular geometry of this molecule is octahedral with coordination geometry C2v. This chemical binds to the BCR-ABL kinase receptor and inhibits its activity by competitive inhibition of ATP binding. 2-Aminopyrimidine has been shown to have a hematologic response in vivo models and in vitro assays. It also has anti-inflammatory effects when it is taken orally or applied topically., Electric Literature of 109-12-6

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia