Day: April 13, 2022

Most of the compounds have physiologically active properties, and their biological properties are often attributed to the heteroatoms contained in their molecules, and most of these heteroatoms also appear in cyclic structures. A Journal, Article, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry called Development of peptide epoxyketones as selective immunoproteasome inhibitors, Author is Li, Xuemei; Hong, Duidui; Zhang, Mengmeng; Xu, Lei; Zhou, Yubo; Li, Jia; Liu, Tao, which mentions a compound: 120099-61-8, SMILESS is CO[C@@H]1CNCC1, Molecular C5H11NO, Safety of (S)-3-Methoxypyrrolidine.

A series of epoxyketone analogs with varying N-caps and P3-configurations were designed, synthesized and evaluated. We found that D-Ala in P3 was crucial for β5i selectivity over β5c. Notably, compounds (I) (R1 = II) (β5i IC50 = 26.0 nM, 25-fold selectivity) and I (r1 = III) (β5i IC50 = 25.1 nM, 24-fold selectivity) with the D-configuration at P3 were the most selective inhibitors. Although I (R1 = II and III) showed only moderate anti-proliferative activity against RPMI-8226 and MM.1S cell lines, based on our experiments, it indicates that the inhibition of β5i alone is not sufficient to exert anticancer effects and may rely on the complementary inhibition of β1i, β5c and β5i. These data further increase our understanding of immunoproteasome inhibitors in hematol. malignancies.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The chemical properties of alicyclic heterocycles are similar to those of the corresponding chain compounds. Compound: 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,4-dimethylpyridin-3-ol hydrochloride, is researched, Molecular C8H12ClNO2, CAS is 148-51-6, about Synthesis and biological activity of quaternary phosphonium salts based on 3-hydroxypyridine and 4-deoxypyridoxine, the main research direction is hydroxypyridine quaternary phosphonium salt preparation antibacterial antitumor activity; deoxypyridoxine quaternary phosphonium salt preparation antibacterial antitumor activity.Application In Synthesis of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,4-dimethylpyridin-3-ol hydrochloride.

Methods for the synthesis of quaternary phosphonium salts based on 3-hydroxypyridine, e.g., I (HCl salt), and 4-deoxypyridoxine were developed. Some of obtained compounds possess high antibacterial and antitumor activity in vitro.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Renault, Sylviane; Renault, Jean; Cavier, Raymond published an article about the compound: 4-Chloro-8-methylquinoline( cas:18436-73-2,SMILESS:CC1=C2N=CC=C(Cl)C2=CC=C1 ).HPLC of Formula: 18436-73-2. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be classified according to the number of heteroatoms or the size of the ring. The authors also want to convey more information about this compound (cas:18436-73-2) through the article.

Alkylaminoquinolines I (n = 7-17; R = 2-Me, 2-Ph, H, 3-Me; R1 = H, S-Me, 6-Me, 7-Me, 8-Me, 8-Et, 8-CHMe2) were prepared by aminating 4-chloroquinolines. The amebicidal activity of I was maximum when n = 7-9. Methylation of the ring had little effect on amebicidal activity. Some of the chloroquinolines were prepared by treating anilines with EtOCH:C(CO2Et)2 or AcCH2CO2Et, cyclizing, decarboxylating the quinolinecarboxylates, and chlorinating the quinolinol.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Epoxy compounds usually have stronger nucleophilic ability, because the alkyl group on the oxygen atom makes the bond angle smaller, which makes the lone pair of electrons react more dissimilarly with the electron-deficient system. Compound: 5-Methylfuran-2(3H)-one, is researched, Molecular C5H6O2, CAS is 591-12-8, about PON1 increases cellular DNA damage by lactone substrates.Application In Synthesis of 5-Methylfuran-2(3H)-one.

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high-d. lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme that by hydrolyzing exogenous and endogenous substrates can provide protection against substrate induced toxicity. To investigate the extent to which PON1 provides protection against lactone induced DNA damage, DNA damage was measured in HepG2 cells using the neutral Comet assay following lactone treatment in the presence and absence of exogenous recombinant PON1 (rPON1). Low dose lactones (10 mM) caused little or no damage while high doses (100 mM) induced DNA damage in the following order of potency: α-angelica lactone > γ-butyrolactone > γ-hexalactone > γ-heptalactone > γ-octaclactone >γ-furanone > γ-valerolactone > γ-decalactone. Co-incubation of 100 mM lactone with rPON1, resulted in almost all cells showing extensive DNA damage, particularly with those lactones that decreased rPON1 activity by > 25%. DNA damage induced by a 1 h co-treatment with 10 mM α-angelica lactone and rPON1 was reduced when cells when incubated for a further 4 h in fresh medium suggesting break formation was due to induced DNA damage rather than apoptosis. These results suggest that in addition to its well-recognized detoxification effects, PON1 can increase genotoxicity potentially by hydrolyzing certain lactones to reactive intermediates that increase DNA damage via the formation of DNA adducts.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic.Kojcinovic, Aleksa; Kovacic, Zan; Hus, Matej; Likozar, Blaz; Grilc, Miha researched the compound: 5-Methylfuran-2(3H)-one( cas:591-12-8 ).Name: 5-Methylfuran-2(3H)-one.They published the article 《Furfural hydrogenation, hydrodeoxygenation and etherification over MoO2 and MoO3: A combined experimental and theoretical study》 about this compound( cas:591-12-8 ) in Applied Surface Science. Keywords: furfural molybdenum dioxide trioxide hydrogenation hydrodeoxygenation etherification. We’ll tell you more about this compound (cas:591-12-8).

Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass, particularly catalytic hydrotreatment of hemicellulose-based furfural (FUR), has been studied for the production of value-added chems. A three-phase batch reactor has been used for hydrotreatment in isopropanol over various com. available unsupported MoOx catalysts, at various temperatures (170-230°C), pressures (0-80 bar H2), catalyst loadings (0-2 weight%), and reactant concentrations (5-20 weight%). No significant difference in catalytic activity or selectivity has been observed among the three different MoO3 and one MoO2 catalysts, while NiMo/Al2O3, Mo2C and WO3 were much less active. Data-points collected have been used to propose a detailed reaction pathway network for a micro-kinetic model, which also took into consideration the thermodn., and adsorption, desorption, and surface reaction kinetics. The alcoholysis of FUR yielded valuable iso-Pr levulinate (IPL) as the major product under all tested reaction conditions, while other value-added compounds (furfuryl alc., iso-Pr furfuryl ether, furfuryl acetone, angelica lactone) were observed in smaller quantities. It was found that neither the presence nor the absence of the gaseous H2 pressure contributes to the global reaction rate, or selectivity, since the solvent acts as a sufficient hydrogen donor. Addnl., d. functional theory (DFT) calculations provided further insight into the active planes present by the implementation of the Wulff construction. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism was explained based on reaction energies, which were in silico determined and compared for several surfaces. The results were consistent with the characterization and activity-testing results. The furfural ring-opening reaction, yielding valuable IPL in the absence of gaseous H2, over a cheap bulk MoOx is reported for the first time.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《Vitamin B6. II. Reactions and derivatives》. Authors are Harris, Stanton A..The article about the compound:5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,4-dimethylpyridin-3-ol hydrochloridecas:148-51-6,SMILESS:OC1=C(C)C(CO)=CN=C1C.[H]Cl).Application of 148-51-6. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:148-51-6) is conveyed.

Vitamin B6-HCl (I) in an equal mixture of C5H5N and Ac2O, allowed to stand overnight and then heated on a steam bath for 20 min., gives vitamin B6 triacetate-HCl [2-methyl-3-acetoxy-4,5-bis(acetoxymethyl)-pyridine-HCl], m. 157°; it is stable in 0.01 N HCl but is slowly hydrolyzed in 0.01 N alkali at 37°. Vitamin B6 dibromide-HBr (II) and 3 equivalents AcOAg in a 22% solution of AcOK in AcOH, heated on the steam bath for 0.5 hrs., give 25% of vitamin B6 diacetate-HCl [2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(acetoxymethyl) pyridine-HCl], m. 160-1°; the aqueous solution gives a good FeCl3 test; it has the same relative stability as the tri-Ac derivative Reduction of II with a PdBaSO4 catalyst in EtOH gives 40% of 2,4,5-trimethyl-3-hydroxypyridine, m. 178°; HCl salt, m. 216°. Catalytic reduction of I with the Adams catalyst gives 2,4-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethylpyridine-HCl, m. 267-8°; this is weakly active for the growth and promotion of acid formation by Streptobacterium plantarum, whereas III is inactive. I, exactly neutralized with 1 equivalent of MeONa in MeOH and heated at 125° for 4 hrs., gives a small yield of 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-methoxymethyl-5-hydroxymethylpyridine-HCl (III), m. 181°.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Epoxy compounds usually have stronger nucleophilic ability, because the alkyl group on the oxygen atom makes the bond angle smaller, which makes the lone pair of electrons react more dissimilarly with the electron-deficient system. Compound: 5-Methylfuran-2(3H)-one, is researched, Molecular C5H6O2, CAS is 591-12-8, about Transfer Hydrogenation of Methyl and Ethyl Levulinate Promoted by a ZrO2 Catalyst: Comparison of Batch vs. Continuous Gas-Flow Conditions.Category: pyrimidines.

The catalytic conversion of Me and Et levulinates into γ-valerolactone (GVL) by using methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol as the H-donor/solvent, promoted by the ZrO2 catalyst, is described as carried out under both batch and gas-flow conditions. Under batch conditions, 2-propanol was found to be the best H-donor mol., with Et levulinate giving the highest yield in GVL. The reactions occurring under continuous gas-flow conditions were found to be much more efficient, also showing excellent yields in GVL when EtOH was used as the reducing agent. These experiments clearly show that the ability to release hydrogen from the alc. H-donor/solvent is the main factor driving CTH processes, while the tendency to attack the esteric group is the key step in the formation of transesterification products.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Electric Literature of C8H12ClNO2. Aromatic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocycles and fused heterocycles. Compound: 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,4-dimethylpyridin-3-ol hydrochloride, is researched, Molecular C8H12ClNO2, CAS is 148-51-6, about Convulsive effects of 4-deoxypyridoxine in photosensitive baboons. Author is Meldrum, B. S..

In baboons (Papio papio) which when exposed to intermittent light stimulation (ILS) showed myoclonus and electroencephalographic signs of epilepsy, deoxypyridoxine-HCl (I) (10-20 mg/kg, i.v.) did not modify the responses, while 15 min-2 hr after 40-60 mg I/kg, the myoclonic responses to ILS were enhanced. Animals normally giving transient myoclonic responses showed rhythmic myoclonus of the eyelids and face continuing for several sec after the end of ILS. In 4 out of 6 baboons after 80-100 mg I/kg this self-sustaining myoclonus developed into a full tonic-clonic seizure at least once 45-180 min after the drug injection. The injection of 105-150 mg I/kg not only enhanced myoclonic responses to ILS but also led to the appearance after 46-67 min of spontaneous seizures. These recurred every 10-15 min, were often only partial, and commonly originated in, and were sometimes confined to, the occipital cortex. An excess of pyridoxine, given i.v. a few minutes before and after the I, blocked both the enhancement of photosensitivity produced by 100 mg I/kg and spontaneous seizures produced by 150 mg/kg. I may produce these convulsive effects by interfering with the formation or action of pyridoxal phosphate.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Quality Control of 5-Methylfuran-2(3H)-one. The fused heterocycle is formed by combining a benzene ring with a single heterocycle, or two or more single heterocycles. Compound: 5-Methylfuran-2(3H)-one, is researched, Molecular C5H6O2, CAS is 591-12-8, about Role of group V elements on the hydrogenation activity of Ni/TiO2 catalyst for the vapour phase conversion of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone. Author is Peddakasu, Ganga Bhavani; Velisoju, Vijay Kumar; Kandula, Manasa; Gutta, Naresh; VR Chary, Komandur; Akula, Venugopal.

Influence of group V elements such as Ta, Nb and V on the product distribution in the vapor phase hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) over Ni/TiO2 catalyst was examined at ambient pressure. The Nb promoted Ni/TiO2 demonstrated a high selectivity towards γ-valerolactone (GVL) compared to other catalysts at 275 °C. The TPR results showed a lower H2 uptake over Ta and V modified Ni/TiO2 which was explained due to a strong interaction between these oxide species with nickel. Presence of a high ratio of ionic nickel (Ni2+) on Ta and V modified catalyst could be a possible reason for the formation of valeric acid (VA) through the ring opening of GVL. The high GVL selectivity over the Ni-Nb/TiO2 catalyst attributed to the presence of a high proportion of Lewis acid sites in conjunction with finely dispersed Ni species on the catalyst surface. This however, is accomplished by the pyridine adsorbed diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and CO-chemisorption results.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: alicyclic heterocycles and aromatic heterocycles. Compounds whose heterocycles in the molecular skeleton cannot reflect aromaticity are called alicyclic heterocyclic compounds. Compound: 65090-78-0, is researched, Molecular C4H7BrO3, about N-Substituted amino acid N’-benzylamides: synthesis, anticonvulsant, and metabolic activities, the main research direction is amino acid benzylamide anticonvulsant seizure.COA of Formula: C4H7BrO3.

Amino acid amides (AAA) were prepared and evaluated in seizure models. The AAA displayed moderate-to-excellent activity in the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test and were devoid of activity in the s.c. Metrazol-induced (scMet) seizure test. The AAA anticonvulsant activity was neither strongly influenced by the C(2) substituent nor by the degree of terminal amine substitution. An in vitro metabolism study suggested that the structure-activity relationship pattern was due, in part, to metabolic processes that occurred at the N-terminal amine unit.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia